ICYOREZO CY' IBICURANE(INFLUENZA), KIZAHAZA KURUSHA IBICURANE BISANZWE DORE UKO WACYITWARAHO

ICYOREZO CY' IBICURANE(INFLUENZA)
Icyorezo cy'ibicurane mu ndimi z'amahanga bita Influenza ni ibicurane biterwa na virusi(Influenza viruses) zituma mu myanya y'ubuhumekero bw'umuntu haza ibisebe. Ibi bicurane bitandukanye n'ibicurane bisanzwe. Icyo cyorezo kiza muri buri tumba. Abantu bakuru badakunze kurwaragurika akenshi bakira icyo cyorezo nyuma y'icyumweru 1-2 baba bamaze bayanduye. Abasaza, abakecuru, abana, n'abandi bantu
basanzwe barwaye indwara zimwe na zimwe zigabanya ubwirinzi bwabo bw'umubiri ,icyorezo k'ibicurane gishobora kubagiraho ingaruka yo kuba barwara izindi ndwara(ibihaha,umuhaha) no kujya mu bitaro. Umuntu wafashwe n' icyo cyorezo cy'ibicurane
ashobora guhita yanduza abandi umunsi ubanziriza ko bigaragara ko yafashwe na nyuma y'iminsi 3- 7 yaramaze gufatwa. Igihe umuntu aba agifatwa ariko nta bimenyetso by'uburwayi afite, no mu minsi yambere ibimenyetso by'uburwayi bigitangira kugaragara, ubusanzwe umuntu aba ashobora kwanduza
abandi hagati y'iminsi 2-3.
Ikizakubwira ko urwaye ibi bicurane!
• Kugira umuriro mwinshi bitunguranye, 
• Kubabara mu mihogo, inkorora no kwitsamagura
• Ibindi bimenyetso byerekeranye n' ibyo ni ukubabara mu

umutwe, guhinda umushyitsi, kugira umunaniro, rimwe na rimwe kugira isesemi no guhitwa. Abana bashobora no kubabara mu nda.
Uko wakwivura(ubutabazi bw'ibanze)
• Niba ubona utarembye cyane, ukabona utari mu itsinda ry'abazahazwa n'icyorezo, imiti y'icyorezo itangwa na muganga cyangwa imiti ivura iyo virusi ahanini ntabwo uba uyikeneye, ahubwo waguma kurwarira mu rugo. Wirinde kwegera abandi kugira ngo utabanduza kandi ugume mu rugo mu gihe cyose uba utari wakira neza.
• Kuruhuka bihagije no kunywa bihagije n'ingenzi cyane.
• Umuriro n'uburibwe bishobora kugabanywa n'imiti igurirwa muri farumasi. 
Kanda hano urebe ahavuga uko wakwivura ibicurane
Niba ufite uburwayi usanganywe cyangwa uri mu itsinda ry'abashobora kwandura vuba, wihutire kwivuza ukibona ko uri kurushaho kurwara cyangwa ukomeje kuremba. 
Ihutire guhita uvuza umwana ufite ibi bimenyetso:
• Umwana usinziriye ntakanguke cyangwa ntabashe no kunyeganyega.
• Ibibazo byo kudahumeka neza.
• Uruhu ruhindutse nk'ubururu cyangwa rwerurutse.
• Umwana atabasha kunywa bihagije.
• Umwana ari kuruka cyane cyangwa umusubirizo.
• Umwana ari kwiyenza, ntiyemere ko n'umuntu amuterura.
• Ibimenyetso by'icyorezo cy'ibicurane biragenda ariko bigahita byongera bikanagaruka.
Umuntu mukuru ugize ibi bimenyetso aba agomaba kwihutira kwivuza
• Ibibazo byo kudahumeka neza.
• Kuribwa cyangwa kubabara mu gatuza.
• Kugira isereri bitunguranye cyangwa guta umutwe.
• Kuruka cyane cyangwa gukomeza kuruka buri kanya.
• Ibimenyetso by' ibanze by' icyorezo cy' ibicurane bigenda ariko bigahita byongera bikagaruka.

Ushobora kwirinda kwanduza abandi ukora ibi bikurikira:

• Kinga ku munwa no ku mazuru agapapuro kabugenewe wayuye cyangwa witsamuye. Nurangiza

uhite ujugunya ako gapapuro mu ngarani. Mu gihe udafite ako gapapuro, witsamuye cyangwa

ukoroye kinga ku munwa igice cyo haruguru cyo ku maboko y'umupira wambaye, wikingaho

ikiganza cyawe.

• Karaba intoki ukoresheje umuti wo ku ntoki wabugenewe wica udukoko dutera indwara buri gihe

uko uvuye hanze na mbere y' uko ujya kurya ndetse byakarushaho igihe umaze kwitsamura

cyangwa gukorora. Irinde gukora ku maso, ku mazuru cyangwa ku munwa utari wamara gukara

intoki.

INKINGO Z'ICYOREZO CY'IBICURANE(Influenza vaccine)

NIBWO BURYO BW'INGENZI BWO KWIRINDA ICYO CYOREZO!

SOBANUKIRWA IBIJYANYE N'INDWARA Z'URUHU N'UKO WAZIVURA MBERE YO KUJYA KU IVURIRO

SOBANUKIRWA IBIJYANYE N'INDWARA Z'URUHU

Umwera uterwa n'umwuka wumye wo hanze, gukaraba inshuro nyinshi, no guhindagurika k'ubushyuhe (igihe cy' ubushyuhe/igihe cy' ubukonje). Ubuheri bushobora guterwa no guhindagurika k'umubiri, udusimba dutoya cyane twangiza umubiri, virusi cyangwa ibihumyo(uduhumyo duto dutera indwara nk'ibihushi,...) nabyo biri mu bishobora kuba byakwangiza umubiri, ibintu bikoze mu butabire bishobora kwangiza umubiri( nk'imiti cyangwa amavuta amwe n'amwe twisiga), uburwayi buturuka kubisanira( cyanga ibyo dukomora mu babyeyi biri genetic) cyangwa n'izindi mpamvu. Uburyaryate bwongerwa n'ibyuya, amavuta afashe cyane, umunaniro uterwa no gutekereza cyane cyangwa imyenda ikanyaraye.

Ibimenyetso bishobora kukwereka ko ufite ikibazo cy'indwara y'uruhu:

• Gukomera k'uruhu, kocyera, gusa n'ahacitse igisebe, guhindura ibara k'uruhu no kuryaryata.
• Uruhu rwafashwe n'indwara ruratukura rukokera kandi ukumva hakurya.

• Ku mubiri hashobora kuzaho uduheri turimo amazi.

Uko wabyitwaramo igihe ubonye ibimenyetso

• Gira isuku y'umubiri, ukunde kwiyuhagirisha amazi meza y'akazuyazi kandi ukarabe isabune idahumura, birahagije ko ukaraba buri gihe ubonako ari ngombwa.
• Karaba kandi uhanagure neza hagati y'amano n'ibindi bice by'umubiri bifatanye, shyira puderi cyangwa udutambaro twabugenewe/ipamba ryagenewe gushyirwa hagati y'amano ubishyire n'ahandi hantu hafatanye ku mubiri hakunda gututubikana hagashishuka.
• Kweruruka ku mubiri no kuzana uduheri bishobora kuvurwa n'amavuta agurishirizwa mu ma farumasi
cyangwa amavuta yorohereye agabanya uburayaryate. Uruhu ruryaryata ushobora gukoresha amavuta ya korutizone aboneka muri farumasi.
• Irinde kwishimagura! Ca inzara uzigire ngufi cyangwa ambara uturinda ntoki dukoze muri koto.
• Irinde gukoresha ibintu bigira ingaruka ku mubiri (nk' isabune yo koga cyangwa amaranje yuzuye inkari cyangwa ibyuya).
• Bika amavuta muri firigo kugira ngo nujya kuyakoresha azamerere uruhu neza kuko azaba akonje.
• Ambara imyenda irekuye, icyaba kiza nuko wakwambara amakariso yakozwe muri koto.

Igihe byaba ngombwa kujya ku ivuriro:

• Ufite ibiheri byinshi cyane bitutubikanye cyangwa biva.
• Uburyaryate ari bwinshi cyane nubwo wagerageje kwivura mu rugo.
• Ibiheri biri kugutera ibindi bibazo nko kugira umuriro cyangwa kumva utameze neza.
• Ibiheri bitarakijijwe n'umuti wakoresheje mu rugo.

Dore icyakubwira ko uzarwara Indwara ya Tifoyide(Thyphoid fever), Imwe mu ndwara zivugana abantu kubera kutayimenya neza

TIFOYIDE(TYPHOID)

Tifoyide (typhoid) ni indwara igagaragara ku isi hose yandura iyo umuntu ariye cyangwa anyoye amafunguro  arimo udukoko  dutera tifoyide twita salmonella typhi

Typhoid (tifoyide) ni indwara y’icyorezo igaragazwa no guhitwa ,indandara(umuriro ukabije) uduturugunyu ku mubiri cyane cyane mu gituza ndetse no kubura amahoro. Typhoid ni indwara imenyerewe mu Rwanda.

IKIYITERA

Tifoyide iterwa n’udukoko twitwa salmonella typhi biciye  mu bifungurwa byamaze kwandura,cyangwa amazi,iyo uriye cyangwa unyoye ikintu icyo aricyo cyose cyandujwe nutwo dukoko.Abantu barwaye iyo ndwara bashobora gukomeza gukwirakwiza udukoko tuyitera mu myanda basohora .

IBIMENYETSO BIYIRANGA

Mu bimenyetso bigaaragara vuba harimo:

• Umusonga
• Kubabara umubiri wose
• Kubabara munda
• Impiswi zikabije
• Umuriro ukabije

IBINDI BIMENYETSO BIRANGA UMUNTU URWAYE TYPHOID

• Ubukonje budasanzwe(ubuyanja)

  

  Umuntu yumva atameze neza

• Kubura umutuzo
• Guta ubwenge
• Kuva imyuna
• Umunaniro ukabije
• Gucika intege

UKO TIFOYIDE (TYPHOID) IVURWA.

Amatembabuzi ntetse ni byo bita electrolytes mu rurimi rw’icyongereza bishobora guhabwa umurwayi bicishijwe  mu mitsi y’imigarura, cyangwa umurwayi agasabwa kunywa amazi usukuye avanzemo ipaki yibyo bita electrolytes mu rurimi rw’icyongereza. Umurwayi wa tifoyide (typhoid) ahabwa  imiti yica udukako dutera tifoyide

AMAHIRWE YO GUKIRA KU MURWAYI WA TIFOYIDE (TYPHOID)

Umurwayi wa tifoyide yoroherwa mu byumweru  bibiri kugeza kuri bine ari ku miti. Kandi Inzoza ziba nziza cyane iyo afashe imiti kare ,ariko iyo atinze indwara irushaho kumuzahaza. 

INGARUKA IYO ITAVUWE NEZA

• Kuva amaraso mu rwungano ngogozi

• Kwangirika kwamara
• Kwangirika kw'impyiko

UKO TIFOYIDE(TYPHOID) YAKWIRINDWA

Ni ngombwa gufata urukingo rwa tifoyide (typhoid), kugirango wirinde kuzazahazwa nayo igihe wafashwe niyo ndwara,cyane cyane igihe ugiye kujya mu gace kagaragaramo iyi ndwara .

Umuntu agomba kujya anywa amazi asukuye kandi akarya ibiryo byatetswe  bigashya

Kugira isuku y’ibikoresho dukoresha mu gikoni tukanarinda ibyo kurya byacu inigwahabiri zikwirakwiza iyo ndwara.

Ese uruyuki, Ivubi, IKivumvuri cyangwa utundi dusimba dushobora kukuruma ugapfa? Ni gute wabyitwaramo igihe warumwe n'agasimba?

IBIBAZO BITERWA NO KURUMWA N'UDUSIMBA N'AHO TWAKURUMYE

Udusimba twinshi two mu RWANDA tuguruka ntabwo turyana kandi n'uturumana iyo turumye umuntu, akenshi harikiza. Aho ikivumvuri cyangwa uruyuki rurumye umuntu mukuru muzima ntacyo haba.

Ibimenyetso

• Aho twarumye umuntu muri icyo gice cy'umubiri  harokera, hakabyimba, hagahindura ibara ndetse hakanaryarayata.

Bamwe barabyimbirwa cyane

Uko wabyitwaramo igihe warumwe n'agasimba:

• Hanagura aho twakuriye/twakurumye, wihakanda kandi wihashima.

• Ahabyimbye kandi hari ku kurya ushobora gushyiraho barafu/ikintu gikonje cyane, ni biba ngombwa ufate umuti ugabanya ububabare. Ntuzashyire barafu cyangwa ikintu gikonje ku mubiri nta kintu kindi ubanje ku mubiri!

• Ahari uburyaryate ushobora gusigaho amavuta ya korutizone aboneka muri farumasi. Ushobora kuwugura kuri farumasi udafite urupapuro rwanditswe na muganga mukuru(ni byiza ko mu rugo

uba uwufite by'agateganyo).

Igihe biba ngombwa ko umuntu ajya ku Ivuriro:

• Aho wariwe cyangwa warumwe n'udusimba haraguteye uburwayi.

• Uburibwe bukabije kwiyongera, ukomeje kubyimbirwa cyangwa utari kubasha guhumeka neza.

• Ugize umuriro, iseseme cyangwa ubuze ubwenge.

• Aho inzuki zikunda kurya cyangwa kudwinga akenshi ni ku munwa, ku muhogo cyangwa mu maso, bikaba byatuma ugira ibi bimenyetso twavuze haruguru.

• Amavuta ya korutizoni, ushobora gushyira aho rwakurumye.

• Barafu cyangwa ikintu gikonje cyo kwifashisha (ushobora kubyifashisha uramutse upfuruse).

• Ibinini bikiza uburyaryate.

• Umuti ugabanya ububabare.

Iyo ukomeje kubyimbirwa vuba vuba kandi guhumeka bikakugora uba ugomba kwihutira kujya kwa

muganga!

MENYA UKO WAKWIKORERA UBUTABAZI BW'IBANZE IGIHE UGIZE IBISEBE

UKO WAKWIKORERA UBUTABAZI BW'IBANZE IGIHE UGIZE IBISEBE

Ibisebe byoroheje bishobora kuvurirwa mu rugo.
Ibimenyetso
• Ibisebe bishobora guterwa no kwambara inkweto zitagukwiriye cyangwa zikiri shyashya, n'uko
waguye hasi ugakomereka, ari ikintu cyagushwaratuye, hari ikintu cyagutemye nk'icyuma cyangwa
igice cy'ikirahure cyangwa hari ikintu cyakujombye.

Uko wakwivura
• Karaba intoki zawe
• Oza cyangwa hanagura mu gisebe n'iruhande rwaho ukoresheje amazi yo muri robine(atembaho) n'isabune isanzwe/cyangwa isabune yica udukoko dutera uburwayi. Mu gihe uhoza unakureho ibyatumye uzana igisebe, urugero nk'imicanga cyangwa udusate duto tw'uturahure.
• Kanda ku gisebe iminota mike wifashishije igitambaro gisukuye, kugira ngo amaraso ari kuva akame.
• Pfukisha igisebe igitambaro cyabugenewe urugero: Zengurutsaho bande cyangwa shyiraho igitambaro cyabugenewe ubundi urenzeho papiyekora.
Ikitonderwa: Siparadara ipfuka ishobora gutuma mu gisebe hazamo ubushyuhe bwinshi.
• Hindura ibipfuko nibura rimwe ku munsi cyangwa inshuro nyinshi, niba igisebe kiva cyane kigatunguka ku gipfuko inyuma.
(Kuraho ibipfuko buhoro buhoro. Ibipfuko byafatanye n' ibisebe ushobora gushyiraho amazi kugira ngo biveho ku buryo bworoshye).
• Niba igisebe kiva, cyogeshe amazi inshuro ebyiri ku munsi.
Itabaze ibitaro bikwegereye cyangwa ku kigonderabuzima cyawe, niba:
• Igisebe kiva cyane kandi ntikirekere aho kuva nyuma y'iminota 20.
• Igisebe ari kinini, gicukutse cyangwa cyanduye.
• Igisebe ari igikomere cy'ikintu cyakurumye cyangwa igisebe cyacukumbutse.
• igisebe kirimo ibindi bintu, urugero uduce tw'ibirahure utabasha kwikuriramo.
• udashobora koza neza igisebe ngo gicye.
• Igisebe gitangiye kukubabaza, kuzamo umuriro cyangwa gutukura.
• Igisebe gitangiye kuva cyangwa kuvirirana.
• Ugize umuriro.
Iyo bibaye ngombwa igisebe kiba kigomba kudodwa, mu gihe kitarenze isaha imwe nyuma yo gukomereka.
Reba niba ubushobozi bw' urukingo rwa tetanosi bugifite ubushobozi mu mubiri wawe.
Umuntu aba agomba kurukingirwa buri nyuma y'imyaka 10.

Indwara ya tetanos( Agakwega)

TETANOSI(AGAKWEGA)

Tetanosi ni iki?

Tetanosi (Agakwega) ni imwe mu ndwara z’urwungano rw’imyakura(nervous system) y’igikatu kandi yica,ikaba iterwa n’ubumara mu mwakura (nerve) buturutse ku gakoko(bacterium) ka Clostridium tetani, aho aka gakoko kagaragara hirya no hino ku isi mu butaka,mu rura(intestine) rw’inyamanswa n'abantu.

Aka gakoko gakurira he mu mubiri?

Mu busanwe dukurira mu bisebe nibikomere. Ibisebe nibikomere rero usanga byarabaye karande ibyo biba byorohereza utwo dukoko kuba twahakurira tukanahororocyera

Agakoko k'injirira mu bisebe

Ibisebe rero usanga bimeze nkibifunguye cyangwa bicukutse (deep wounds) byaba byatewe n’impanuka cyangwa ikindi kintu icyari cyo cyose  cyatuma igisebe kiba nk'ikirangaye nabyo biba byoroherereza twa dukoko kuba twahakurira.

Utu dukoko rero dushobora kwinjira mu mubiri binyuze mu bushye,aho umubiri waba wacitsemo cyangwa se aho baba baguteye urushinge kandi nanone turiya dukoko(bacterium) dushobora gusagarira (attack) umubyeyi n'umwana igihe abyara binyuze mu rureri igihe barukata.

Ingorane rero z’iyi ndwara zitangira kugaragara iyo utu dukoko twabonye uburyo bwo kororoka tugatangira kujya twohereza ubumara bwatwo mu bice bindi by'umubiri buvuye mu gisebe.

3.Uko ubumara bwa tetanosi butera indwara?

Ubu bumara bwa tetanosi ubundi bwangiza aho umwakura(Nerf) uhurira n’umukaya(muscle)uwukangurira igikorwa runaka. ubu bukana rero aho bugeze bwangiza uburyo bwa butumwa bwageraga kumukaya bigatuma imikaya yikanya(tighten up) cyangwa ikarwara  imbwa

Ubu bumara kandi bwakwangiza imikorere y’imyakura n’imikaya mu mwana ucyivuka,aho byatuma abura ubushobozi bwo kwitabwarwaho n’ibibazo byo mu mutwe, kandi ibi byigaragaze cyane mu byumweru bibiri avutse kandi erega n’igihe umubyeyi abyazwa  hari isuku nke cyangwa bikorwa n’abatabizobereyemo bishobora kuba imvano yindwara (niyo mpamvu ari byiza kugira umuco wo kubyarira kwa muganga kuko baba baziboreyemo)

Tetanosi irangwa ni iki,inakura ite?

Mbere yuko tureba ibiyiranga ariko tubanze tumenye koko ko igihe wamaze kwandura byibuza bifata hagati y’iminsi ibiri n’amezi abiri ngo ibimenyetso byambere byigaragaze

Mu cyumweru cyambere rero ugenda uhura n'ibibazo by’imbwa z’imikaya(spasm) biturutse kuri bwa bumara bwayo (tetanosi) muri cya gice ufitemo igisebe ariko uko iminsi igenda iza bikaba byakomereza no ku bindi bice byumubiri kandi no gucika intege cyane no kuribwa umutwe birigaragaza muri icyo gihe

Imikaya ishobora gutuma umuntu amera atya kubera ubumara bwa tetanos

Rero uko ubwo bumara bukomeza gusagarira n’ibindi bice by’umubiri niho iyo ndwara ya tetanosi iherako ikurira kuko izagenda m’umikaya ya bimwe mu bice byingenzi mu mubiri nk’ibihaha,umutima,impyiko,umwijima n’ibindi.ukaba rero wakwisanga utagishobora guhumeka neza,umutima utagitera neza nk’ibisanzwe n’ibindi bikaba byazarangira n’ubundi utagishoboye kubaho ugapfa igihe na zindi ngamba zafashwe z’ubuvuzi

Tetanosi yakwirindwa ite?

Uburyo bwiza bwo kwirinda indwara nkiyi nayindi uretse kuyikingirwa kandi ingamba nziza zigomba gufatwa kugira ngo hirindwe kwinjirirwa n'utu dukoko nkaho dugomba kujya twirinda kugendera kumisumari kandi nigihe byabaye ngombwa kwigisebe kivuka tugerageze kukigirira isuku kandi nabwo na passive immunization yakorwa bibaye ngombwa

Gahunda y’urukingo rwa tetanosi?

Ubundi abana bose bagomba gukingirwa iyi ndwara ya tetanosi

Gukingiza umwana ni ingenzi cyane

bahabwa uruhererekane rw'inkingo zigera kuri eshanu, aho atangira kuruhabwa byibuza mu mezi abiri y'amavuko bikarangira agize imyaka itanu kandi urukingo rwo kuzamura abasirikare b’umubiri ruracyenewe  ku myaka nka cumi numwe.

Ariko nanone ubu ugicyeneye guhozayo urwo rukingo byibuza buri myaka icumi

Ingaruka z'urwo rukingo?

Ingaruka rero  z'uru rukingo zikunze kuba mu bantu 25 ku ijana(25%) baruhawe,kandi izikunze kwigaragaza ziba zoroheje kandi  zirasanzwe aho usanga ari ukugira udusebe,kubyimbirwa no gutukurira aho hantu baba baguteye urwo rukingo.
SOURCE:IMIBEREHO.COM

Ni gute nafasha umwana wange urwaye ibicurane? Ni ryari najya kureba Muganga? Ese kumwivurira nabishobora? Ni iyihe miti nagura muri farumasi?

IBICURANE KU BANA

Ibimenyetso Umwana ashobora kugaragaza:
• Gufunga mu mazuru
• Kuzana ibimyira
• kubabara mu mihogo

• Kugira umuriro, kumva ufite imbeho
• Inkorora itangira kuza hagati y'iminsi ibiri, kandi birasanzweko iy'inkorora imaze igihe kirekire,
ibindi bimenyetso by'uburwayi biba bisa nibyashize
• Ibicurane bimara akenshi hejuru y'icyumweru
 kwitsamura...

Dore uko wavura  Umwana wawe mbere yo kujya kwa muganga:
• Ukore kuburyo umwana anywa ibintu bihagije!
• Umuti ugabanya ububabare no kubyimbirwa (ibuprofeeni) n'umuti ukiza ububabare cynagwa
ugabanya umuriro (parasetamoli) ni imiti ikomeye igabanya umuriro uterwa n'ibicurane kandi
ugakiza no kutamererwa neza mu mubiri. Urugero rw'umuti uha umwana ruterwa n'imyaka n'ibiro
bye! Bariza ubundi busobanuro kuri farumasi! Ntuzahe umwana asetosalisiliya.
• Impapuro zagenewe kwipfunisha ni umuti w'ibicurane. Koresha impapuro zagenwe kwipfunisha
zikoreshwa rimwe zigahita zijugunywa!
• Gufunga amazuru no kuzana ibimyira byinshi bishobora koroshwa n'umuti ugurirwa kuri farumasi
w'ibitonyanga bashyira mu mazuru/umuti batera mu mazuru cyangwa umuti w'amazi
utonganyirizwa mu mazuru.
• Ku gitanda umwana urwaye ibicurane aryamaho ni byiza kwegura igice umwana ashyiraho umutwe,
urugero ukacyegurisha umusego cyangwa ugashyira ibitntu ku maguru y' igitanda cy'amwana.
• Kwiyuka mbese guhumeka umwuka ufite ubushyuhe bwa dogere 40 - 44, ukawuhumekeramo
inshuro nyinshi cyangwa umwanya muto akawuhumekeramo bishobora kugabanura ibicurane.
Wumvise kwiyuka bitakumereye neza, ntiwakwirirwa ubikomeza.
• Imiti ikiza inkorora akenshi ni mike. Bariza kuri farumasi uko umuti w' inkorora wukoresha.
• Antibiyotike ntabwo ikiza uburwayi bwatewe na za virusi, nta nubwo bayikoresha mu kuvura
ibicurane.

Ushobora kwitabaza ibitaro cyangwa ikigo nderabuzima cyawe, niba:

1. Umwana afite umuriro mwinshi kandi akaba yacitse intege.
2. Umwana ari guhumeka vuba vuba cyangwa ari kumara umwanya adahumeka.
3. Byumvikana neza ko umwana ari gusemeka.
4. Ubona umwana arushaho kuremba nubwo wamuhaye umuti ugabanya ububabare.
5. Amaranye umuriro iminsi irenze itatu.
6. Umuriro wari wamanutse ariko nyuma y'iminsi mike ukazamuka.
7. Umwana atangiye kujya azana ingonera ku maso.
8. Ibicurane bimaze igihe kiri hejuru y'ibyumweru bibiri.
9. Icya ngombwa nuko umwana aba ameze neza muri rusange. Iyo umwana ameze nk'uwahwereye, aba agomba kuzanwa kwa muganga, ngo abaganga bamusuzume.

Ni gute nakwivura Ibicurane bitera umuriro,ni iyihe miti nagura muri farumasi?,ni ryari najya kureba muganga?

INDWARA Y'IBICURANE BITERA UMURIRO

Ibimenyetso umuntu uyirwaye agaragaza:

1. • Gufunga amazuru
2. • kuzana ibimyira
3. • kubababara mu muhogo
4. • kugira umuriro, kumva ufite imbeho
   
5. • Inkorora itangira kuza hagati y'iminsi ibiri, kandi birasanzwe ko iyo inkorora imaze gihe kirekire ibindi bimenyetso biba byamaze gushira.
6. • Ibicurane bimara akenshi hejuru y'icyumweru

Uko wakwivura iyi ndwara utagiye kwa muganga:

1. • Kora ku buryo unywa ibintu byinshi bihagije!
2. • Ibuka kuruhuka!
3. • Ibuka gukaraba intoki inshuro nyinshi n'amazi meza n'isabune (kugira ngo utayikwirakwiza mu bandi)!
4. • Korora cyangwa itsamurire mu gipapuro cyagenewe kwihanagurisha ku mazuru cyangwa niwitsamura ukinge igice cyo hejuru cy'amaboko y'umupira wawe wambaye ku munwa!
5. • ushobora koroherwa unyweye imiti igabanya kubyimbirwa n'ububabare (ibuprofeni) cyangwa imiti igabanya umuriro n'ububare(parasetamoli).
6. • Gufunga amazuru bishobora koroshywa n'umuti uboneka muri farumasi wo gushyira/gutonyangiriza mu mazuru. Bariza ubundi busobanuro kuri farumasi.
7. • Imiti y'inkorora ifasha abantu ubusanzwe ni mikeya. Imiti y'inkorora ishobora kugufasha cyane cyane iyo inkorora ituma utabasha gusinzira neza. 
8. • Kubabara mu mihogo bishobora kugabanuka unyweye ibinini biboneka muri farumasi banyunguta/bahumeka bituma mu muhogo hataryana. Bariza ubundi busobanuro kuri farumasi.
9. • Gusarara(kubyimba mu muhogo)uburyo bwiza bwo kwivura ni ukwirinda kuvuga. Kuvuga wasaraye binaniza umuhogo kuruta uko biwunaniza iyo uvugisha ijwi ryo hasi.
10. • Kwiyuka, mbese gushyira umutwe mu kintu gifite ubushyuhe bwa dogere 40 - 44 ukagihumekeramo akanya gato, bishobora kugabanya ibicurane bivanze n'umuriro. Niba kubikora bikubangamiye cyane, we kwirirwa wongera kubikora. Ibicurane ni gake bituma umuntu ajya kwivuza kwa muganga mukuru. Antibiyotike ntizikiza indwara zitewe n'udukoko two mu bwoko bwa virus kandi ntizikoreshwa mu kuvura ibicurane kuko nyine biterwa na virus nka (rhinovirus...)!

Itabaze ibitaro biri ku izamu cyangwa ikigo nderabuzima cyawe:

1. • Niba muri rusange wumva umeze nabi.
2. • Ibimenyetso by'uburwayi bimaze iminsi myinshi kandi waragerageje kwivura mu rugo ntibigire icyo bikumarira.
3. • inkorora imaze iminsi irenze 3 kandi ikubangamiye.

Soma byinshi ku kuntu ushobora Guhangana n'indwara y'ibicurane(Common cold)

Iby'ibanze twayimenyaho: Ibicurane ni indwara iterwa na virusi yitwa myxovirus influenzae yo mu bwoko bwa A, B na C. Si umuntu ushobora guterwa n`iyi virusi gusa kuko n’ibiguruka, ibinyamabere (mammifères) byinshi birwara ibicurane.

Aha ibyibandwaho ni ibicurane bikunze kugaragara ku bantu bizwi ku izina rya grippe hivernal mu ndimi z`amahanga.

Iyi ndwara y’ibicurane ikunda kwibasira abantu mu gihe cy`imbeho, aho usanga abatari bake yabazahaje buri mwanya intoki zitava ku mazuru.

Iyi ndwara yibasira abantu bo mu ngeri zose mu bice bitadukanye by`Isi. Zimwe mu ngaruka zayo itera, zirimo izindi ndwara zikomeye zo mu bihaha ndetse bishobora no kuviramo umuntu urupfu.

Ibimenyetso byayo:Indwara y’ibicurane ikaba irangwa n`ibimenyetso biza bitunguranye, ariko bitamara iminsi myinshi. Muri ibyo bimenyetso harimo kuribwa umutwe, kuzamuka ku gipimo cy’ubushyuhe bw’umubiri, gufungana kw’amazuru n’umuhogo ndetse n’inkorora.

 Ndwara ikaba yandura biciye mu nzira z’ubuhumekero, mu macandwe, no mu kwitsamura ikindi kandi ngo Gukoresha imiti ya antibiyotike (antibiotiques) si byiza cyane kuko idafite ubushobozi bwo kwica burundu iyi virusi.

Uko wakwirinda n'uko wahangana n'iyi ndwara: Hari byinshi   bitangwaho inama ushobora gukora kugira ngo ufashe umubiri wawe guhangana n`indwara y’ibicurane, muri ibyo harimo ko ugomba kugerageza ugafata indyo ikungahaye mu mboga n`imbuto, kuko umubiri ufite ububasha karemano bwo guhangana n`indwara zinyuranye.

Ni ngombwa mu ifunguro rya buri munsi dufata kutiyibagiza imboga n`imbuto kuko zifasha umubiri kongera umubare w’abasirikare bawurinda.

Ugomba kandi gufata ibintu bishyushye nk’icyayi cyangwa isosi y’ibitunguru bya epinari, ibyoi bikaba bifasha umubiri gusohora imyanda inyuranye iwurimo.

Ni byiza kandi kwirinda gufata ibiryo birimo amavuta menshi, ndetse ni na byiza kunywa amazi menshi n’icyayi inshuro zirenze imwe ku munsi mu gihe umuntu yarwaye ibicurane.

source: tohoza

Uko wamenya ko urwaye Indwara ya Amibe(Entamoeba Histolitica) n'uko wayirinda

INDWARA YA AMIBE(ANTAMOEBE HISTOLITICA)

Iby'ibanze twayimenyaho: Indwara ya Amibe ni indwara ituruka ku umwanda w’amazi anyobwa cyangwa akoreshwa mu ngo ndetse n’ibiribwa bidasukuye bishobora gutera amibe, iyi ndwara iterwa n’utunyabuzima duto two mu bwoko bwa “Entamoeba histolytica”, utu dukoko tukaba twinjira mu mubiri w’umuntu iyo umuntu anyoye amazi yanduye cyangwa ibiribwa byandujwe n’amagi aza kuvukamo “E.histolytica” ari na zo zitera iriya ndwara.

Amagi ya “E.histolytica” ashobora kumara igihe kinini hanze y’umubiri mbere yo kwinjira mu mubiri, iyo ageze mu rura ruto ahita abyara ubukoko buzwiho gutera iriya ndwara ya Amibe kuko iyo turiya dukoko tugeze mu rura duhita dutangira kugenda tumunga gahoro gahoro ibigize urura ruto ari yo mpamvu umuntu ahita atangira kugira udusebe mu mara akaba ari yo ntandaro y’uburibwe umurwayi wa Amibe agaragaza.
Ibimenyetso bya amibe:

Akenshi umurwayi wa Amibe atangira kugaragaza ibimenyetso ku byumweru bibiri kugeza kuri bine amaze kwandura turiya dukoko duto dutera Amibe, mu bimenyetso biranga umurwayi wa Amibe twavugamo:
-    Uburibwe bwinshi bwo mu nda,
-    Impiswi akenshi hakagaragara mo amaraso,
-    Kugira umuriro cyane cyane ku bana.
Akenshi udukoko dutera Amibe n’amagi yatwo bivumburwa n’abaganga iyo bapimye bifashishije “Microscope” umusarani w’umurwayi wa Amibe. Utu dukoko twa Amibe kandi dushobora kwinjira mu maraso duciye mu mara mato ku buryo twatuma n’ibindi bice by’umubiri bifatwa cyane cyane umwijima ni wo ukunze kwibasirwa nyuma y’amara mato.
Uko twakwirinda Amibe n'uko Ivurwa
Inama y’ibanze yo kwirinda iyi ndwara ni ukugira isuku y’amazi’ ibiribwa n’isuku y’ibikoresho byo mu rugo ukoresha amazi atetse cyangwa ugakoresha amazi arimo imiti yagenewe gusukura amazi, koza ibiribwa mbere yo kubirya, gukaraba intoki kenshi gashoboka cyane cyane uvuye mu bwiherero na mbere yo kurya cyangwa konsa umwana ku babyeyi bonsa.

Abantu benshi bibeshya ko Amibe idakira ariko ni ukutabimenya kuko Amibe ivurwa kandi igakira burundu. Ahubwo ni ingenzi kwirinda bihagije kuko akenshi iyo umuntu yavuwe agakira maze ntagire isuku ihagije akongera kwandura akeka ko atakize neza kandi Atari byo, byaba byiza rero ugize isuku maze ukaba wirinze burundu indwara ya Amibe.
source:umuganga.rw

DORE ICYAKUBWIRA KO URWAYE INDWARA YA APANDISITE(APPENDICITIS)

INDWARA YA APANDISITE

Iby'ibanze twayimenyaho:

Appendicite ni indwara yibasira agahago gato gafashe ku rura runini, mu ruhande rw'iburyo bw' inda y’umuntu. Abahanga mu by’ubuzima bakaba batangaza ko ahanini nta mpamvu izwi yaba itera uburwayi bw 'aka gahago, ariko ngo iyo hagize ikijyamo nk’amabuye n’indi myanda urura ruba rutabashije gutambutsa ngo bisohokane n’amabyi, bishobora kukangiza bikanakazibya bityo umuntu akaba yagira ibibazo bikomeye byo kurwara appendicite ndetse yaramuka itivujwe mu buryo bwihuse ikaviramo umuntu urupfu. Iyi ndwara ya apandicite ikaba yibasira 5% by’abatuye isi, cyane cyane abana, ingimbi ndetse n’abangavu.

Impamvu zitera iyi ndwara ntabwo ziramenyekana neza kugeza ubu, ariko akenshi usanga ngo iterwa n’uko umwanda wakagombye gusohokana n’indi uba wabaye mwinshi hanyuma bigatera iyi nyama yo mu nda kunanirwa, ari byo nyine binabyara appendicite. Ikindi nuko indwara zimwe za zimwe nk’ikibyimba ndetse n’indwara zifata urwungano ngogozi bishobora kuba zimwe mu mpamvu z’iyi ndwara.

Nk’uko abaganga b’indwara zo mu mubiri babitangaza ngo apandicite ni ukuvuga uburwayi bwa kariya gahago ntibwandura , bisobanuye ko umuntu atakwandura bivuye ku wundi muntu urwaye appendicite, kandi ngo usanga iyi ndwara ikiri ikibazo gikomeye cyane, kuko iri mu ndwara nke cyane umuntu adashobora kwirinda ngo keretse yarakuwemo kariya gahago akiri umwana, kuko uwo bagakuyemo nta ngaruka cyangwa ikibazo agira mu buzima bwe ngo ahubwo aba aciye ukubiri n’indwara ya appendicite.

Abantu bamenyereye kumva ngo umuntu bamubaze apandicite ndetse bakumva ko hari n’abo yahitanye. Usanga akenshi umuntu ashobora kwibaza ibimenyetso by’umwihariko by’indwara ya appendicite cyane cyane ko ari imwe mu ndwara zitinyitse.

Ibimenyetso by’indwara ya appendicite

Abantu bafashwe n’indwara ya appendicite bashobora kugira ibimenyetso bitandukanye ariko akenshi usanga hari ibyo bagenda bahuriraho. Umuntu ugifatwa na appendicite ashobora kumva asa n’urwaye igifu cyangwa akumva ibyo yariye byanze kumushiramo, mbese akumva yabyimbye bityo ntapfe kumva afite inzara. Umuntu wafashwe n’appendicite agira ububabare cyane cyane mu ruhande rw'iburyo ahagana mu nda yo hasi, bukajyenda bwiyongera cyane iyo arimo agenda n’amaguru, akoroye, ahumetse cyangwa se akoze aho ari kumva ububabare.

Umuntu wafashwe n’appendicite agira umuriro woroheje ariko ujyenda uzamuka uko uburwayi bujyenda bukara. Nanone uwafashwe n’apandisite agira inda ikomeye ari nako aribwa cyane, i hejuru y’ibyo akagira n’ikibazo cyo kwituma impatwe (constipation). Ubwo buribwe bukabije umuntu wafashwe n’appendicite agira butuma atabasha kugenda neza cyangwa kunyeganyega, gusimbuka, gukorora akababara ndetse no guhumeka bikamubera ikibazo.

Kuri bamwe na bamwe bafashwe n’appendicite nyuma y’ububabare bwinshi batangira kuruka, nyuma y'amasaha make bwa bubabare bugatangira gukwira impande zose z’inda, zirimo urw’iburyo kandi ari nako burushaho kwiyongera aho bwatangiriye.

Abantu bakangurirwa kugana kwa muganga igihe bafite ikibazo mu nda

Appendicite ni indwara ishobora kuvurwa igakira, iyo ivuriwe igihe, ariko iyo bitinze ishobora guhitana uyirwaye. Ku bw’ibyo, abantu bakaba bakangurirwa kwihutira kujya kwa muganga igihe cyose bumva mu nda bitagenda neza kugira ngo muganga asuzume niba atari iyo ndwara yamufashe ishobora no kumwambura ubuzima mu gihe itavuriwe ku gihe.

Ikibazo gikunze kugaragara ku bantu benshi, usanga baramenyereye ko iyo bagize ububabare bwo mu nda aba ari uburwayi bw’inzoka bwabafashe cyangwa ubundi burwayi bworoheje bityo ugasanga bajya muri za farumasi kugura imiti bakivura magendu; mu by’ukuri batazi icyo barwaye. Iyi ngeso ikwiriye gucika, bityo mu gihe cyose umuntu yumvise afite ububabare bwo mu nda cyangwa gutumba akumva adashaka kurya, akihutira kujya kwa muganga. Umuco wo kwivura umuntu atazi icyobarwaye ufite ingaruka mbi kuko, uko umuntu atinda kwivuza indwara iyo ariyo yose arwaye, ikomera bikaba byamuviramo urupfu.

INDWARA YA EMOROYIDE(hemorroids): Imitsi yo mu kibuno ibyimba igasohoka hanze nk'ibibyimba!

 Emoroyide ni ibibyimba biza mu kibuno aho imyanda isohokera. Ushobora kwibaza icyaba gitera ibyo bibyimba. Hari imitsi ishinzwe gukura amaraso mu mwoyo, rimwe na rimwe rero hari igihe iyo mitsi iba itagikora neza bitewe n’impamvu turi buvuge nyuma noneho ikabyimba, amaraso akipakiramo.

Ese gukora nabi kw’iyi mitsi kwaba guterwa n’iki ?
Impamvu nyayo itera kubyimba ntabwo izwi, ariko hari bimwe na bimwe byagaragaje ko bishobora kuba bifitanye isano. Bimwe muri ibyo akaba ari ibi bikurikira:

• Kutituma neza(Impatwe)  kenshi dukunda kwita Constipation : Kwikanira umuntu agiye ku musarani mu gihe yagize konsitipasiyo bibuza amaraso kuzamuka noneho akigumira muri ya mitsi yo mu kibuno.
• Gutwita: Iyo umuntu atwite , umwana uri mu nda ni nkaho aba atsikamiye ya mitsi izamura amaraso ibi rero bigatuma amaraso yigumira muri ya mitsi yo mu kibuno. Ariko nanone igihe umuntu atwite hari imisemburo umubiri we ukora bigatuma imitsi ye iba minini, ibi bikaba bigabanya umuvuduko amaraso atemberana bityo akigumira mu bice byo hasi harimo n’ikibuno.
• Ubusaza : Nabyo ni impamvu yagaragaye ko ishobora gutera emoroyide
• Iyi ndwara kandi hari imiryango imwe n’imwe yibasira kandi nta mpamvu nimwe muzo twavuze haruguru ihari (hereditaire).
Ushobora kwibaza ibimenyetso biranga iyi ndwara:
• Ibimenyetso biratandukanye ariko ikimenyetso abantu bose bahuriraho ni ukuva amaraso nyuma yo kwituma, akenshi umuntu ayabona kucyo yihanaguje.
• Hari igihe umuntu azana ibintu bisa n’ururenda mu kibuno.
• Rimwe na rimwe hari igihe emoroyide ziryana ndetse umuntu akaba ashobora no kwishima.
• Kumara kwituma nyamara ukumva mu kibuno hakirimo imyanda.

Emoroyide ivurwa ite ?

• Kwirinda konsitipasiyo kuko ituma umuntu yikanira : mu kurwanya konsitipasiyo gerageza urye cyane cyane imbuto ndetse n’ imboga, nywa amazi menshi : umuntu mukuru agomba kunywa byibura litiro ebyiri ku munsi
• Jya ku musarani vuba bishoboka igihe wumva ubishatse : gutinda kujya ku musarani bituma imyanda ikomera noneho igihe ugiye ku musarani bigatuma wikanira. Ibi tumaze kuvuga bigabanya ibimenyetso nko kuva amaraso ndetse niyo emoroyide zitari zagera kure, mbese zitaragera mu kiciro cya gatatu n’icya kane nkuko tugiye kubibona mu kanya. 

Ibyiciro bya emoroyide ni ibi bikurikira :

• Ikiciro cya mbere: kirangwa no kuva amaraso nyuma yo kwituma gusa
• Ikiciro cya kabiri: kirangwa no kuva amaraso nyuma yo kwituma ndetse n’ ibibyimba bisohoka hanze nyuma yo kwituma nyamara nyuma ya kanya gato bigahita bisubira imbere.
• Ikiciro cya gatatu: kugira ngo ibibyimba bisubire imbere bisaba ko, umurwayi abisubirishamo intoki ze
• Ikiciro cya kane: ibibyimba birasohoka maze kubisubizayo ntibishoboke
Iyo rero emoroyide iri mu kiciro cya gatatu n’icya kane ivurwa ku buryo bukurikira:
• Gushiririza bya bibyimba bakoresheje imirasire ya razeri.
• Kubishiririza bakoresheje umuti ukozwe muri azote.
• Kubibaga.

Ushobora kwibaza impamvu uku gushiririza ibibyimba cyangwa kubibaga bidahita bikorwa kandi bisa naho byoroshye kurusha kwirinda konsitipasiyo urya indyo yabugenewe. Impamvu ntayindi ni uko kubaga cyangwa gushiririza emoroyide bishobora rimwe na rimwe kugira izindi ngaruka mbi nko gufungana kw’ikibuno, guhora utakaza imyanda ndetse no kudashobora kumenya igihe ushaka kwituma. 

Niyo mpamvu rero niba ufite iki kibazo cya emoroyide, bakaba baraguhaye indyo ugomba gukurikiza, yikurikize aho kwihutira gusaba ko bakubaga.

WHAT IS HYPERTENSION?

1. What is raised blood pressure (hypertension)?

Hypertension, also known as high or raised blood pressure, is a condition in which the blood vessels have persistently raised pressure. Blood is carried from the heart to all parts of the body in the vessels. Each time the heart beats, it pumps blood into the vessels. Blood pressure is created by the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels (arteries) as it is pumped by the heart. The higher the pressure the harder the heart has to pump.

Normal adult blood pressure is defined as a blood pressure of 120 mm Hg when the heart beats (systolic) and a blood pressure of 80 mm Hg when the heart relaxes (diastolic). When systolic blood pressure is equal to or above 140 mm Hg and/or a diastolic blood pressure equal to or above 90 mm Hg the blood pressure is considered to be raised or high.

Sometimes hypertension causes symptoms such as headache, shortness of breath, dizziness, chest pain, palpitations of the heart and nose bleeds. However, most people with hypertension have no symptoms at all.

2. Why is raised blood pressure dangerous?

The higher the blood pressure, the higher the risk of damage to the heart and blood vessels in major organs such as the brain and kidneys.

If left uncontrolled, hypertension can lead to a heart attack, an enlargement of the heart and eventually heart failure. Blood vessels may develop bulges (aneurysms) and weak spots that make them more likely to clog and burst. The pressure in the blood vessels can cause blood to leak out into the brain and cause a stroke. Hypertension can also lead to kidney failure, blindness, and cognitive impairment.

The health consequences of hypertension can be compounded by other factors that increase the odds of heart attack, stroke and kidney failure. These factors include tobacco use, unhealthy diet, harmful use of alcohol, lack of physical activity, and exposure to persistent stress as well as obesity, high cholesterol and diabetes mellitus.

3. How can raised blood pressure be prevented and treated?

All adults should have their blood pressure checked. If blood pressure is high, they need the advice of a health worker.

For some people, lifestyle changes are sufficient to control blood pressure such as stopping tobacco use, eating healthily, exercising regularly and avoiding the harmful use of alcohol. Reduction in salt intake can help. For others, these changes are insufficient and they need prescription medication to control blood pressure.

Adults can support treatment by adhering to the prescribed medication, by monitoring their health.

People with high blood pressure who also have high blood sugar or elevated blood cholesterol face even higher risk of heart attacks and stroke. Therefore it is important that regular checks for blood sugar, blood cholesterol and urine albumin take place.

Everyone can take five concrete steps to minimize the odds of developing high blood pressure and its adverse consequences.

• Healthy diet:
• promoting a healthy lifestyle with emphasis on proper nutrition for infants and young people;
• reducing salt intake to less than 5 g of salt per day (just under a teaspoon);
• eating five servings of fruit and vegetables a day;
• reducing saturated and total fat intake.
• Avoiding harmful use of alcohol i.e. limit intake to no more than one standard drink a day
• Physical activity:
• regular physical activity and promotion of physical activity for children and young people (at least 30 minutes a day).
• maintaining a normal weight: every 5 kg of excess weight lost can reduce systolic blood pressure by 2 to 10 points.
• Stopping tobacco use and exposure to tobacco products
• Managing stress in healthy way such as through meditation, appropriate physical exercise, and positive social contact.

4. How common is raised blood pressure?

More than one in three adults worldwide have raised blood pressure – a condition that causes around half of all deaths from stroke and heart disease. It is considered directly responsible for 7.5 million deaths in 2004 – almost 13% of all global deaths.

In nearly all high-income countries, widespread diagnosis and treatment with low-cost medication have led to a dramatic drop in mean blood pressure across populations – and this has contributed to a reduction in deaths from heart disease.

For example in 1980, almost 40% of adults in the WHO European Region and 31% of adults in the WHO Region of the Americas had high blood pressure. By 2008, this had dropped to below 30% and 23% respectively.

In contrast, in the WHO African region, more than 40% (and up to 50%) of adults in many countries are estimated to have high blood pressure and this proportion is increasing.

Many people with high blood pressure in developing countries remain undiagnosed, and so miss out on treatment that could significantly reduce their risk of death and disability from heart disease and stroke.

---

¹ Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).

SOURCE: WHO.int

WHAT IS HEPATITIS? (BAZA MUGANGA)

Q: What is hepatitis?

A: Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. The condition can be self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis or liver cancer. Hepatitis viruses are the most common cause of hepatitis in the world but other infections, toxic substances (e.g. alcohol, certain drugs), and autoimmune diseases can also cause hepatitis.

There are 5 main hepatitis viruses, referred to as types A, B, C, D and E. These 5 types are of greatest concern because of the burden of illness and death they cause and the potential for outbreaks and epidemic spread. In particular, types B and C lead to chronic disease in hundreds of millions of people and, together, are the most common cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer.

Hepatitis A and E are typically caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water. Hepatitis B, C and D usually occur as a result of parenteral contact with infected body fluids. Common modes of transmission for these viruses include receipt of contaminated blood or blood products, invasive medical procedures using contaminated equipment and for hepatitis B transmission from mother to baby at birth, from family member to child, and also by sexual contact.

Acute infection may occur with limited or no symptoms, or may include symptoms such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain.

Q: What are the different hepatitis viruses?

A: Scientists have identified 5 unique hepatitis viruses, identified by the letters A, B, C, D, and E. While all cause liver disease, they vary in important ways.

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is present in the faeces of infected persons and is most often transmitted through consumption of contaminated water or food. Certain sex practices can also spread HAV. Infections are in many cases mild, with most people making a full recovery and remaining immune from further HAV infections. However, HAV infections can also be severe and life threatening. Most people in areas of the world with poor sanitation have been infected with this virus. Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent HAV.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is transmitted through exposure to infective blood, semen, and other body fluids. HBV can be transmitted from infected mothers to infants at the time of birth or from family member to infant in early childhood. Transmission may also occur through transfusions of HBV-contaminated blood and blood products, contaminated injections during medical procedures, and through injection drug use. HBV also poses a risk to healthcare workers who sustain accidental needle stick injuries while caring for infected-HBV patients. Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent HBV.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is mostly transmitted through exposure to infective blood. This may happen through transfusions of HCV-contaminated blood and blood products, contaminated injections during medical procedures, and through injection drug use. Sexual transmission is also possible, but is much less common. There is no vaccine for HCV.
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infections occur only in those who are infected with HBV. The dual infection of HDV and HBV can result in a more serious disease and worse outcome. Hepatitis B vaccines provide protection from HDV infection.
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is mostly transmitted through consumption of contaminated water or food. HEV is a common cause of hepatitis outbreaks in developing parts of the world and is increasingly recognized as an important cause of disease in developed countries. Safe and effective vaccines to prevent HEV infection have been developed but are not widely available.
SOURCE: WHO.int
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