Byinshi utari uzi ku ndwara ya SIDA.

TURUSHEHO GUSOBANUKIRWA SIDA KUGIRANGO TUYIRINDE KURUSHAHO

I-UKO BYIFASHE KU ISI NO MU RWANDA

Buri munsi ku isi :

• abantu 6.800 banduzwa n'agakoko ka sida
• abantu 5.700 bicwa n'agakoko ka Sida, 73% yabo ni abo muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu.

Mu mwaka wa 2009, ababanaga n'agakoko ka sida bari miliyoni mirongo itatu n'eshatu (33 millions), 95% yabo nabo mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere naho 70% yabo n'abo muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu. Mu Rwanda ho, ababana n'agakoko ka sida ni 3%

II-AGAKOKO GATERA SIDA

Agakoko gatera sida kitwa, mu cyongereza, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV):

• HIV1 niyo iboneka cyane ku isi yose,
• HIV2: iboneka muri Afurika y'iburengerazuba, Mozambike na Angola
• HIV2 yandura gake niyo mpamvu iboneka gake.

III-UKO AGAKOKO KA SIDA KAZAHAZA UMUBIRI
Agakoko gatera sida, kugirango kabeho kanibaruke , kagomba kwinjira mu turemangingofatizo (cellules) tw'umubiri dufite uturyango twiwa CD4:

• Uturemangingofatizo twitwa lemfosite T (lymphocytes T),
• Uturemangingofatizo twitwa makorofaje (macrophages),
• Uturemangingofatizo twitwa monosite (monocytes),
• Uturemangingofatizo two mu bwonko twitwa giliyale (cellules gliales),
• Uturemangingofatizo twa Langerhans (cellules de Langerhans),
• Uturemangingofatizo two mu gifu n'amara (cellules de la muqueuse gastro-intestinale),
• Uturemangingofatizo two mu misokoro y'amagufa (cellules de la moelle osseuse),
• Uturemangingofatizo two mu gihu cy'umutwe w'igitsina cy'umugabo (cellules du prépuce).

Utwinshi muri utwo turemangingofatizo ni abasirikari barinda umubiri. Iyo rero twinjiwe n'agakoko gatera sida turapfa, bityo umubare w'abasirikari b'umubiri ukagabanuka muri rusange maze indwara hafi ya zose harimo n'izidasanzwe zifata umuntu muzima (ibyuririzi) zikamerera nabi umubiri.

IV- AGAKOKO KA SIDA KINJIRA GUTE MU MUBIRI ?
Amatembabuzi yo mu mubiri yanduza umuntu iyo amugiyeho (ku dusebe two ku ruhu nk'urwo ku gitsina cy'umugabo), cyangwa iyo amugiyemo (ku dusebe two mugitsina cy'umugore) ni:

• amaraso,
• amasohoro,
• umurenda wo mugitsina cy'umugore
• amashereka.

Ibindi bintu byo mu mubiri bishobora kubamo agakoko ka sida ariko bikaba byaragaragaye ko bitanduzanya ni:

• Amacandwe,
• Amarira,
• Inkari,
• Amabyi,
• Ibirutsi,
• Amazi yo mu rutirigongo (liquide céphalo-rachidien),
• Amazi yo mu myanya y'ubuhumekero (liquide broncho-alvéolaire).

Icyitonderwa :
Kugirango amatembabuzi yo mu mubiri yanduze umuntu, agomba kuba arimo udukoko twa sida kandi turimo ku bwinshi (kwanduza bibaho gake cyane iyo utwo dukoko ari duke, turi munsi y'udukoko 1500 muri buri mililitiro y'amatembabuzi)

V-IBYO AGAKOKO KA SIDA KURIRIRAHO NGO KINJIRE MU MUBIRI
ku bantu bakuru :

• Imibonano mpuzabitsina (abadahuje ibitsina kurusha abahuje ibitsina)
• Guhabwa amaraso yanduye,
• Gukoresha ibikoresho byanduye (gusiramura, kogosha, kurasaga,inshinge…)
• Kugubwaho n'amatembabuzi yo mu mubiri yanduye nk'amaraso akagwa ku ruhu cyangwa mu maso cyangwa mu kanywa hariho cyangwa harimo udusebe

ABANTU BANDURA KURUSHA ABANDI :

• abakora imibonano yo mu kibuno kurusha abakora imibonano mpuzabitsina,
• abagore kurusha abagabo,
• abapfakazi cyangwa abatanye n'abagabo babo kurusha abakibana n'abagabo babo,
• abagore batwite kurusha abadatwite,
• gukorana imibonano mpuzabitsina n'abantu benshi,
• kudakoresha agakingirizo ku basambana,
• kurwara izindi ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina,
• indaya kurusha izitarizo,
• abadasiramuye kurusha abasiramuye,
• gufata ibiyobyabwenge ukoresheje inzira y'amaraso,
• udusebe ku ruhu cyangwa mu kanwa cyangwa mu gitsina

Ku bana :
Impinja zanduzwa kenshi na ba nyina :

• mu gihe cyo gutwita,
• mu gihe cy'ibise,
• mu gihe cyo kubyara,
• no mukonsa.

gufatwa ku ngufu n'umuntu wanduye agakoko gatera sida, guterwa amaraso yanduye, kuvurishwa ibikoresho biriho amatembabuzi yo mu mubiri yanduye nk'amaraso: inshinge, ibikoresho byo guca ibirimi cyangwa byo gukura ibyinyo, guca indasago..

IBITUMA IMPINJA ZANDURA AGAKOKO GATERA SIDA KURUSHAHO:

• kubyarwa n'umubyeyi ufite udukoko twa sida twinshi cyane mu maraso,
• kubyarwa n'umubyeyi ufite abasirikari bake mu maraso (< 200 muri buri mililitiro y'amaraso),
• Kubyarwa n'umubyeyi wazahajwe n'agakoko ka sida,
• kubyarwa n'umubyeyi ufite imirire mibi,
• kuvuka (ku mubyeyi wanduye agakoko gatera sida) nyuma y'igihe kirekire isuha imenetse (amasaha arenze icumi)
• konka ibere rirwaye udusebe cyangwa utubyimba ,
• impinja zivuka zidashyitse cyangwa zivukana ibiro bike
• Impinja zifite udusebe mu kanwa,
• gushyira ku ruhinja ibintu bimatira bikaba byanamukomeretsa: siparadara (sparadrap)
• uruhinja rwonka kurusha urutonka.

VI-NIBANDE BAKAGOMBYE KWIPIMISHA SIDA ?
Abantu bose ariko cyane cyane:

• uruhinja ruvukana ibiro bike (hypotrophie),
• uruhinja ruvuka nyuma y'amasaha menshi (arenze icumi) isuha yamenetse,
• uruhinja ruvukana mburugu,
• abana bakura bagwingira (retard de croissance),
• abana bafite umutwe ugenda uba muto uko bakura (microcephalie),
• umuntu warwaye indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina,
• umusambanyi,
• abanywi b'ibiyobyabwenge,
• umuntu watewe amaraso,
• umuntu urwaragurika indwara ziterwa n'udukoko (infections),
• umuntu urwaragurika umusonga (pneumonie),
• umuntu urwara umusonga w'igikatu (pneumocystose),
• umuntu urwara kenshi ubugendakanwa (candidose orale),
• umuntu urwara kenshi Impiswi (diarrhée chronique),
• umuntu uva kenshi amaraso (hémorragies récidivantes ),
• umuntu uhora arwaye amasazi (adénopathies),

VII-TWAKWIRINDA GUTE SIDA ?
• Kugirango umugore utwite atanduza uruhinja rwe:

• gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bw'agakoko gatera sida (antiretroviraux) hakiri kare (inda ikigira ibyumweru 14 ) kugeza umwana acutse,
• guhitamo kubyara ubazwe,
• Kwuhagira vuba na bwangu uruhinja rukivuka kugirango ururenda n'amazi bimuriho bimuveho ,
• Kwirinda ibyakomeretsa uruhinja ruri kuvuka (ventouse, forceps, aspiration nasopharyngée,…),
• Kudasambana cyangwa gukoresha agakingirizo,
• Kwisiramuza,
• Gusukura bya nyabyo ibikoresho bikomeretsa (ibyo kwogosha, guca indasago, guca ibirimi, guca ibyinyo, gusiramura,…),
• Iyo amatembabuzi (liquide biologique) y'uwanduye akuguyeho:
• Kwoza n'amazi menshi,
• Gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bw'agakoko gatera sida (antiretroviraux) vuba na bwangu (mu masaha atarenze mirongo irindwi n'abiri),
• Kuwafashwe ku ngufu: gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bw'agakoko gatera sida (antiretroviraux) vuba na bwangu (bitarenze amasaha 72),
• Guterwa amaraso ari ngombwa koko kandi yapimwe na labo yizewe,
• Kwirinda gusangira ibikoresho bikomeretsa cyane cyane kubitera ibiyobyabwenge,
• Kwivuza vuba na bwangu indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina.

VIII-ICYITONDERWA

• Nta rukingo rukingira agakoko gatera sida rwari rwaboneka,
• Imiti yica udukoko bita microbicides bamwe bashyira mu gitsina cy'umugore mbere y'imibonano mpuzabitsina ntirinda kwandura agakoko gatera sida.

ITABI N'UBUZIMA BWAWE. ESE ITABI RIGIZWE N'IKI? ESE KUNYWA ITABI HARI INGARUKA BIGIRA?

UBUBI BW'ITABI KU BUZIMA

Uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bwakoreshwa unywa(isigara,inkono y'itabi) cyangwa ujundika(ubugoro)ibikomoka ku bibabi by'itabi byose bigira ingaruka mbi ku buzima.

Uko unywa itabi cyane,kandi mu gihe kirekire,ninako ingaruka mbi ku buzima zigenda ziyongera.

Ibigize itabi
Itabi rigizwe:

• Nicotine
• Iyo umaze kuricana haboneka CO (monoxyde de Carbone)
• Goudrons, Irritants

Nicotine
Ni cyo gice cy'itabi gitera gukoronizwa(guhora wumva urishaka ukagira amahoro aruko uribonya cyangwa dependence). CO
Ni gaz ituma oxygene igabanuka mu maraso,umuntu akaba yagira ibibazo bitandukanye biterwa n'umwuka uba muke mu mubiri.

Goudrons na Irritants(umuyonga w'itabi)
Bituma ibikororwa bidasohoka neza bikaguma mu nzira y'umwuka bityo bikaba byatera ibibazo mu nzira y'imyanya y'ubuhumekero.

Ingaruka z'itabi ku buzima
Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje :

• 1/3 cya za cancer ziterwa n'itabi.85% by'abarwayi ba cancer y'ibihaha byagaragaye ko ari abanywa itabi.
• Kandi bwagaragaje ko hari isano riri hagati ya cancer y'urura runini,ni y'amaraso.

Indwara z'umutima:habaho gufungana cyangwa kuziba kw'imiyoboro y'amaraso mu bice bitandukanye by'umubiri, ibyo bikaba byatera zimwe mu ngaruka zikurikira:

• Crise y'umutima(infractus du myocarde);irangwa no kubabara mu gatuza no gufungana kw'imitsi ijyana amaraso mu mutima.
• Kuvirirana mu bwonko(AVC,Accidents Vasculaire Cerebrale);birangwa na paralyse y'igice kimwe cy'umubiri(hemiplegie).
• Kubyimba no kubabara amaguru bitewe no kuziba kw'imitsi ijyana amaraso mu gice cy'amaguru(thrombose Veineuse de membres inferieures)bishobora kuviramo umuntu gucibwa amaguru
• Guhumeka nabi bitewe no kuziba kw'imitsi ijyana amaraso mu bihaha
• Hiperitensiyo(hypertension)
• Kutabyara biva ku gufungana cyangwa kuziba kw'imitsi ijyana amaraso mu myanya myibarukiro.
• Ku bagore bakoresha imiti yo kuboneza urubyaro,iyangirika ry'imitsi itwara amaraso mu mubiri rishobora kwikuba inshuro 40 iyo bari hejuru y'imyaka 40.
• Gutinda gukira kw'igisebe(ku banywa itabi) kubera ko amaraso ahagera ari make Ingaruka ku mikurire yihuse y'umwana
• Umwana avuka afite ibiro bike (uruzingo);kubera ko aba yaragiye abona intungamubiri nke mu nda ya nyina bitewe no gufungana cyangwa kuziba kw'imitsi ijyana amaraso ku mwana.
• Umwana ntakura neza,kubera kugabanuka kw'amashereka kandi afite intungamubiri nke.

Izindi ngaruka

• Itabi rishobora gutera Allergie,Asthme na boronchite
• Ingaruka ku ruhu;itabi ritera iminkanyari no guhindura ibara ry'uruhu
• Ritera umuhumuro utari mwiza mu kanywa.
• Itabi rishobora gutera indwara z'ishinya,kuba amenyo yakuka,no guhindura amenyo umuhondo.
• Kuvamo kw'inda ku bagore batwite,kuva ku bagore
• Indwara ziterwa na microbes mu bice byo mu kanywa, amazuru , n'umuhogo ziriyongera
• Itabi ritera gukoronizwa(dependence psychologique), guhangayika ndetse
• Gusarara
• Itabi rigabanya ireme ry'amagufa,bikaba byatuma avunika ku buryo bworoheje.

Mukwanzura ,tumaze kubona ingaruka nyinshi cyane z'itabi ku buzima niyo mpamvu twakwihatira kurengera amagara yacu turyirinda. Uburyo bwo kuryirinda cyangwa kurireka kuburyo burambuye bizaza mu masomo y'ubutaha, Allah abarinde.

INDWARA YO KUJOJOBA(FISTULE) KU BAGORE, ESE KUJOJOBA NI IKI? ESE IYI NDWARA ITERWA N'IKI? ESE IRAVURWA?

INDWARA YO KUJOJOBA KUBAGORE ( fistula)

Inshamake k'urwungano rw'inkari

Urwungano rw'inkari rugizwe n'impyiko (kidney), imiyoboro ikura inkari mumpyiko ikazijyana mu ruhago (ureters), uruhago n'umuvaruhago usohora inkari hanze. Ku muzenguruko w'aho umuvaruhago ujya gusohokera hanze,hariho inyama ihora yifunze (sphincter),ibuza inkari gusohoka,igafunguka iyo umuntu afashe icyemezo cyo kurekura inkari ziri mu ruhago.Uruhago n'umuvaruhago byegeranye n'imyanya myibarukiro ariyo: umura(uterus) uba uri hejuru y'uruhago ahagana inyuma , inda ibyara iba inyuma y'uruhago ndetse n'umuvaruhago.

Indwara yo kujojoba ni iki?

Indwara yo kujojoba ni ukuba inkari zisuka buri kanya munda ibyara y'umugore, zinyuze mu mwanya udasanzwe uhuza imiyoboro y'inkari n'imyanya myibarukiro udafite ikiwufunga. Uwo mwanya ushobora kuba uhuza uruhago n'umura, uruhago n'inda ibyara, cyangwa umuvaruhago n'inda ibyara.

Indwara yo kujojoba iterwa ni iki?

Indwara yo kujojoba ni ingaruka iterwa n'impamvu ziri mu byiciro bibiri:

1. Ingaruka zo kubyara Kujojoba ahanini ni ingaruka yo kubyara.Mugihe umwana avuka bisanzwe anyura mumyanya myibarukiro (uterus& Vagin) iri hagati mu ruziga rw'amagufa (Bassin), umutwe we wihata muri uwo mwanya udakweduka ari nako imyanya y'inkari(Vessie& Urètre) n'iyo ari gucamo itsindagiwe cyane n'umutwe kuri ayo magufa. Muri icyo gihe rero nibwo wa mwanya udasanzwe ushobora gukorwa bitewe ahanini n'impamvu ebyiri:
   • Iyo umwana atinze kuvuka aho ya myanya yatsindagirawe kumagufa ntihagerwaho neza n'amaraso bigatuma habora (necrosis) nuko hagatobokamo akayira.
   • Iyoumwana yamanutse cyane bikaba ngombwa ko akuruzwa ibyuma (Forceps) cyangwa umubyey abagwa (Césarienne) bishobora gutuma yamyanya yatsindagiwe n'umutwe ikomereka hagacika akayira.
2. Ingaruka z'indwara zifata imyanya myibarukiro Zimwe mu ndwara zishobora gufata imyanya myibarukiro zigatuma umubiri woroha cyangwa ugacika ibisebe, bityo ka kayira kajojoberamo inkari kagakorwa. Aha uburwayi bukunze kubitera ni nka kanseri ndetse n'igituntu gifata iyo myanya. Ese indwara yo kojojoba iravurwa?
   Indwara yo kujojoba yakwirindwa mbere na mbere. Ibi ahanini bigakorwa igihe ababyeyi bitabiriye kwisuzimisha inda ndetse no kujya kubyarira kwa muganga hakiri kare. Iyi iravurwa igakira cyane cyane iyo ari ingaruka zo kubyara. Igikorwa ni ukubaga ahikoze inzira itahakwiye hagafungwa maze inkari zigasubira kunyura mu nzira isanzwe. Iyo ari ingaruka y'indwara ifata imyanya myibarukiro habanza kwitabwa kuri iyo ndwara kugeza ikize nk'igituntu, yaba ari idakira nka kanseri hakitabazwa imiti igabanya ubukana bwayo.
   

KANSERI Y'IBERE, ESE ITEYE ITE? ITERWA N'IKI? WABWIRWA N'IKI KO UYIRWAYE? WAYIRINDA UTE? IVURWA ITE?

KANSERI Y'IBERE

Kanseri y'ibere ni kanseri iboneka cyane ku bagore kw'isi yose,ikaba igaragara cyane ku Bagore bari mugihe cyo kubyara ikagenda yiyongera uko imyaka ikura hanyuma ikagabanuka nyuma yogucura k'umugore (post menopause).

Umugore umwe ku icyenda (1/9) aba afite ibyago byinshi byo kuba yafatwa n'iyi kanseri mu buzima bwe.Abagabo nabo bashobora kuyirwara ariko ni gake cyane nko hasi ya rimwe ku ijana (<1 font="">

 

1. INZEGO ZA KANSERI(STADES) Muri make inzego za kanseri y'ibere ni ebyiri :
   NB :Kumenyekana kwa kanseri itari kwirakwiza mu mubiri ni byiza kuko bituma ivurwa hakiri kare bityo ikaba yanakira.
   
   1. KANSERI ITARIKWIRAKWIZA MU MUBIRI :Niyo ikunze kuboneka cyane ku bagore ikaba ifata mu tuyoboro tw'amashereka ;
   2. KANSERI YIKWIRAKWIJE MU MUBIRI :Yo ishobora gufata mu bice byose by'ibere ndetse ikaba yarenga n'imbibi zaryo.
2. IKIYITERA
   Ikiyitera kugeza ubu ntikizwi ariko hari ibyo yuririraho, aribyo : Hari ibindi byagaragaye iyi kanseri ishobora kuririraho :
   
   1. Uruhererekane mu miryango (facteurs genetiques) :Cyane cyane mu miryango ibonekamo gènes bita BRCA1 na BRCA2.Byagaragaye ko iyo mu muryango wawe harimo uwarwaye iyi kanseri byongera ibyago byo kuba wayirwara ;
   2. Guca mu cyuma inshuro nyinshi (radiographie) ;
   3. Gukoresha cyangwa guhura kenshi n'imiti y'uburozi (produits chimiques toxiques) ; Urugero :-DDT ;Ikoreshwa mu buhinzi mu rwego rwo kwica udukoko, -Parabene.
      
   4. Gufata k'urugero rukabije imiti irimo oestrogène nk'iyo bakoresha mu kuboneza urubyaro (contraceptive à base d'estrogènes).
   • Abagore bari hasi y'imyaka 30 ntibakunze gufatwa cyane n'iyi kanseri naho 85 ku 100 (85%) by'abafatwa ni abafite kuva ku myaka 50 kuzamura kandi uko umugore yiyongera mu myaka ni nako ibyago byo kurwara iyi kanseri byiyongera ;
   • Umuntu wigeze kurwara iyi kanseri ku ibere rimwe aba afite ibyago byinshi byo kuyirwara no kurindi ;
   • Kugira inturugunyu mu ibere (nodules du sein) ; NB :Kugira inkabya (kyste) mu ibere ntabwo ari impamvu yo kuba warwara iyi kanseri .
     
   • Gusama bwa mbere utinze : aha twavuga nko gusama bwa mbere nyuma y'imyaka 30;
   • Kuba utarigeze ubyara na rimwe ;
   • Kuboneka vuba kw'imihango ya mbere ni ukuvuga mbere y'imyaka 12 no gucura utinze nyuma y'imyaka 55.
      
3. UKO YIGARAGAZA NB :Ntitwakwibagirwa ko hari n' izindi mpamvu zishobora guhindura amabere nko :
   • Akabyimba mu ibere :ni nacyo kimenyetso gikunze kuboneka haba ku bagore cyangwa ku Bagabo ;
   • Kuba hari uruzi rudasanzwe cg amaraso asohoka mu moko ;
   • Kwinjira kw'imoko imbere mu ibere ;
   • Guhinduka k'uruhu rw'ibere,rugakomera ndetse rugasa n'urutukura ;
   • Gutukura ,gushyuha no guhinduka k'uruhu rukikije imoko (inflammation du pourtour du mammelon),
   • Guhinduka kw'ingano y'ibere cyangwa kw'ishusho yaryo.
      
   • Gutwita
   • Imihango y'abagore
   • Inkabya y'ibere
   • Infection
4. UKO WAYIRINDA
   1. Kugerageza kwirindda zimwe mu mpamvu twabonye kanseri yuririraho Urugero:kwirinda inzoga n'itabi
   2. Kubungabunga ubuzima:-kurya neza (imboga n'imbuto,n'ibikungahaye kuri vitamine D)
      -kugira umuco wo konsa ku babyeyi,
      -gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri (sport).
   3. Kwikorakora kenshi ku bere(auto palpation) ushakisha ikintu kidasanzwe (nk'inturugunyu),
   4. Kwisuzumisha kwa muganga wabyigiye nibura buri myaka ibiri ku bagore bafite imyaka 50 kugeza kuri 60.
5. UBURYO IVURWA Iyo kanseri yabonetse,bashobora gukoresha kimwe cyangwa byose muri ibi bikurikira mu kuyivura:
   NB:Iyo kanseri yarenze igihe cyo kuvurwa,umurwayi wayo bamuha ubufasha bumugabanyiriza ububabare (soins palliatives).
   • kubaga (chirurgie);
   • imiti (chimiotherapie);
   • imirasire (radiotherapie).

MUBYEYI, ESE WARI UZI INYUNGU ZO KONSA UMWANA WAWE?

INAMA ZIGIRWA ABABYEYI MUBIJYANYE NO KONSA UMWANA

Nk'uko bigaragazwa n’ubushakashatsi bunyuranye bwakozwe, konsa umwana ni kimwe mubintu kamere (natural) umubyeyi akorera umwana we, kikaba ari igikorwa gifitiye akamaro kanini cyane ubuzima kuva akivuka ndetse kugeza ubuzima bwe bwose, Ibyo rero bikaba bituruka kuntungamubiri zinyuranye ziboneka mu mashereka umwana yonka zikaba ntahandi hantu mubyukuri yashobora kuzibonera.

Mu mashereka habamo Abasirikare (Antibodies) bafite ubushobozi bwo kurinda umubiri w’umwana indwara zinyuranye kuva akivuka,ibyo bikagabanya umubare w’indwara zikunze kwibasira abana bato nk’impiswi, kuruka n’izindi,ibyo bigaterwa ahanini n’uko amashereka ariyo yonyine muri rusange igifu cy’umwana kibasha gusya neza kuva akivuka.Konsa umwana rero n’impano ikomeye nyina umubyara agomba guha umwana we,itagira indi binganya agaciro mumpano zose yashobora kuzamugenera ubuzima bwe bwose.Umwana siwe wenyine rero ubona izo nyungu kuko nkuko turibubigaragaze hepfo twifashishije ubusakashatsi bwakoze, umubyeyi wonsa nawe akuramo inyungu nyinshi yaba mugihe yonsa ndetse no mubuzima bwe buri imbere. Mubyukuri inyungu zo konsa umwana ntizibarika,ariko turarebera hamwe zimwe murizo.

Muri ikigihe,mu miryango imwe n’imwe usanga ababyeyi bamwe badaha agaciro igikorwa cyo konsa abana babo,ugasanga bahitamo kubaha amata y’ifu ategurirwa munganda (lait maternisé ou lait infantile) cyangwa se amata y’inka,bibwirako byasimbura amashereka nyamara ibyo sibyo ,n’ubwo usanga abayategura bagerageza kongeramo intungamubiri zimwe nazimwe nka za vitamine ,imyunyungugu,na protein (ibyubaka umubiri) ariko ibiboneka mumashereka byo ni ibyo murwego ruhanitse (protein de haute valeur biologique).Mumashereka habamo intungamubiri zihariye zifite akamaro ko kurinda umwana indwara zinyuranye,zikaba zitaboneka mu mata y’ifu ategurirwa munganda .Muri izo ntungamubiri zihariye harimo:

• Izifasha mumikurire y’umwana (Facteur de croissance);
• Izifasha mukumurinda indwara ziterwa n’udukoko bita bagiteri (Facteur antibacteriens);
• Izifasha mukumurinda indwara ziterwa n’udukoko bita virusi (Facteur antiviraux);
• Izifasha mukumurinda indwara ziterwa n’udukoko bita parazite (Facteur antiparasitaires);
• Imisemburo (hormones) inyuranye:harimo uwitwa Insuline umufasha mukwirinda indwara ya Diyabete;
• Izifasha mu igogorwa ry’ibiryo (Enzymes :Amylase,Lipase,Lysozyme).

Nkuko rero bigaragara, amashereka ntabasha gusimbuzwa ayo mata mugihe cyose nyina w’umwana yaba ashoboye kumwonsa.Mugihe kandi umwana yonka agirana ubusabane budasanzwe na mama we,ibyo bigatuma arushaho kumumenya no kumukunda cyane,bikagaragazwa n’uburyo usanga umwana yifata mugihe arimo konka yitegereza nyina cyane mumaso,amushyira intoki mukanwa,amutera utugeri n’ibindi mubyukuri bigaragaza ibyishimo bidasanzwe umwana yiyumvamo mugihe yonka.Amashereka igihe cyose umwana akeneye konka aba ashobora guhita ayabona kuko yo nt’asaba gutegurwa cyangwa se kujya kuyagura (toujours disponible,pur,économique) nkuko bimeze kumata. Amashereka kandi ahora kugipimo cy’ubushyuhe kibereye (température idéale) ntasaba gushyushywa cyangwa se gukonjeshwa nkuko bikorwa kumata.Umubyeyi rero ntiyakagombye kuvutsa umwana we iyo mpano agenerwa n’Imana ntakiguzi gitanzwe.

INYUNGU KU MWANA WONKA

• Umwana wonka akura neza kuberako amashereka agenda ahinduka mubiyagize bigendanye n’ikigero umwana agezemo (varying composition), biturutse kandi kuntungamubiri zinyuranye akura mumashereka (optimal mix of nutrients & antibodies);
• Ntibakunze kwibasirwa no kuruka ndetse no guhitwa;
• Bimurinda indwara zo munda (gastro-enteritis, necrotizing entercolitis),izo mumatwi (otitis),izo mumpyiko, izo munzira z’ubuhumekero (umusonga,bronchite);
• Bimurinda indwara z’amenyo ,n’izo mumaraso (septicemia);
• Bituma ubwonko bwe bukura neza, bimurinda kandi indwara ya mugiga (meningitis);
• Bimurinda kanseri zimwe na zimwe zifata abana (childhood lymphoma);
• Bimurinda kwituma nabi (diarrhea or constipation);
• Bigabanya ibyago byo kuba yazarwara indwara y’umutima,na diyabete ifata abana (childhood diabetes);
• Bigabanya ibyago byo kuba munini mubwana bwe (childhood obesity);
• Bigabanya ibyago byo kuba yapfa muburyo butunguranye (mort subite du nouveau-né),nokuba yarwara apandisite (acute appendicitis);
• Bituma umwana agirana na mama we urukundo n’ubusabane bidasanzwe (Maternal bond);
• Bimurinda kugira Allergi no kuzahazwa n’indwara ziyikomokaho ( allergic disease: asthma, eczema).

INYUNGU KU MUBYEYI WONSA

• Bigabanya ibyago byo kuzarwara kanseri y’amabere,iy’umura n’iyagasabo k’intanga (endometrial and ovarian cancer);
• Bimurinda kuzarwara indwara z’amagufwa (osteoporosis and hip fracture);
• Bimufasha muri gahunda yo kuringaniza urubyaro (familly planning);
• Bituma umura (uterus) usubira kungana nkuko wahoze mbere yo gutwita (sa taille normale), bigatuma udutsi twavaga twifunga bityo ntihabeho kuva amaraso menshi nyuma yokubyara (post-partum bleeding);
• Kimwe no ku mwana wonka,umubyeyi wonsa agirana ubusabane budasanzwe n’umwana we mugihe cyo kumwonsa, akarushaho kumukunda no kumva amwishimiye cyane;
• Umubyeyi abasha gukora imirimo ashinzwe kuko umwana we aba afite ubuzima bwiza,bikamurinda guhora kwa muganga ndetse no mubitaro bya hato nahato umwana yarwaye;
• Bituma kandi umuryango utera imbere kuko amafaranga yagakoreshejwe mukumuvuza ndetse no kumugurira amata y’ifu usanga ahenze muri rusange, akoreshwa muzindi gahunda z’iterambere ry’urugo,dore ko amasherekayo ari impano y’Imana umubyeyi abona ntakiguzi atanze.

SOBANUKIRWA UBURYO BUTANDUKANYE BWO KONSA

UBURYO BWO KONSA

Umwana agomba kuba hafi ya mama we akivuka (skin to skin contact) no gushyirwa ku ibere akimara kuvuka kuko aba afite ubushobozi bwo gutangira konka mugihe yaba ntabindi bibazo yavukanye. Bibaye bidashobotse kubera impamvu zimwe na zimwe byatinze ntibirenze isaha imwe avutse atarashyirwa ku ibere ryanyina,mugihe umwana azaba atabashije konka,ningombwa kwihutira kumugeza kwa muganga kugirango hakoreshwe ubundi buryo bwo kumuha amashereka hifashishijwe agapira kabugenewe banyuza mumuhogo kakagera mugifu (sonde naso-gastrique).

Umwana agomba konswa kenshi gashoboka n’ukuvuga igihe cyose abishakiye (nibura inshuro 8 kugeza kuri 12 kumunsi).Muntangiriro biba bigoranye kuko hari igihe umubyeyi yongera kumva ibise, bitewe n’uko nyababyeyi iba irimo gusubira nkuko yahoze mbere yo gutwita (sa taille normale) ibyo bigafasha umubyeyi kutava amaraso menshi nyuma yo kubyara nkuko twabibonye mu isomo ryabanje (inyungu ku mubyeyi wonsa ),ubwo bubabare rero ntibugomba guhangayikisha umubyeyi cyane kuko butazahoraho (passagères),muri rusange bushira hagati y’iminsi 3 niminsi 6.Umubyeyi rero agomba kurushaho konsa umwana kenshi n’ubwo amashereka aba akiri make ariko uko agenda yonka bituma arushaho gukorwa ari menshi bityo akagenda yiyongera buhoro buhoro. Umwana agomba kuguma ku ibere kugeza igihe we ubwe arirekuriye cyangwa atagikurura,hanyuma agashyirwa kurindi bere ariko mugihe azaryanga umubyeyi nt’agomba guhangayika kuko aba ahaze cyangwa se ananiwe (muri rusange umwana yonka igihe kiri hagati y’iminota icumi na makumyabiri (10 -20 minutes) akaba ahaze neza. Amashereka afite umwihariko wo kugenda ahinduka mubiyagize bigendanye n’ikigero umwana agezemo:

Amashereka yo muminsi yambere (kuva kumunsi wambere kuguza kumunsi wagatandatu) aba ari umuhondo (colostrum) kandi akungahaye kuntungamubiri,akaba rero afite ubushobozi bwo kurinda umwanana indwara bwihariye (substances anti-inféctieuses) kurusha andi mashereka akorwa muminsi izakurikiaho niyompamvu ari ngombwa kwihatira kumwonsa kenshi. Reka turebere hamwe uburyo bwo konsa umwana kuva avutse kugera mugihe cyo kumucutsa:

• Kuva umwana avutse kugera kumezi atandatu: Amashereka yonyine ni ifunguro riba rihagije ku mwana,singombwa rero kugira ikindi kintu ahabwa,agomba konka gusa atavangiwe ikindi kintu (allaittement exclusive);
• Kuva kumezi atandatu(6mois) kugera kumezi cumi n’abiri (12mois):Amashereka yonyine ntabwo aba agihagije ku mwana,ningombwa rero gutangira kumuha andi mafunguro (imfashabere) nibura inshuro 3 kugeza kuri eshanu kumunsi ariko agakomeza no konka;
• Guhera kumezi 12 kugeza kumezi 24:Umwana akomeza konka ariko hakongerwa inshuro ahabwa andi mafunguro, nibura inshuro eshanu (5 fois) ku munsi.Inshuro zo konsa umwana zigenda zigabanywa gahoro gahoro ategurirwa gucutswa;
• Guhera kumezi 24 :Umwana ahobora gucutswa nkuko byemezwa n’umuryango w’abibumbye wita kubuzima (O.M.S) ariko mugihe umwana akibikunze ndetse na mama we abishoboye yakomeza kumwonsa.Umwana rero ashobora gufata ifunguro rimwe n’abandi bantu bakuru babana nawe ,ariko we nibura akagaburirwa inshuro eshanu k’umunsi, hakitabwa ku bigize iryo funguro n’ukuvuga ko rigomba kuba rigizwe n’ibyubaka umubiri (protein),ibitera imbaraga n’ibirinda indwara.

Udupira dusimbura amabere dukunze guhabwa abana (tétine,succettes) turabujijwe kubera ko dushobora gutuma habaho imihindagurikire m’uburyo bwo konka (inshuro umwana yonka ziragabanuka bigatumaamashereka nayo agabanuka, umwana kandi ashobora kwanga ibere),mugihe kandi isuku y’utwo dupira ititaweho bihagije, umwana yibasirwa n’indwara ( gastro-enteritis diseases) zikaba zanamuhitana.

ESE UMUBYEYI UTIRIRANWA N’UMWANA YAMWONSA ATE? NI IKI UMUGORE WONSA YARYA KUGIRANGO UMWANA WE AMERERWE NEZA

NI GUTE UMUBYEYI UTIRIRANWA N’UMWANA YAMWONSA?

Nk'uko twabibonye mumasomo yatambutse mbere, umwana agomba konka atavangiwe ikindi ikintu amezi atandatu yambere y’ubuzima. Mugihe umubyeyi atiriranwa n’umwana we kubera impamvu zinyuranye (akazi,amasomo,…) ashobora gukama amashereka akayasigira abiriranwa umwana bakaza kuyamuha mu gihe aza kuba adahari,ariko mu gihe akiri kumwe nawe ndetse n’igihe atashye akihatira kumwonsa kenshi gashoboka.Amashereka rero yakamwe abikwa mu kintu cyabugenewe gifite isuku kandi gipfundikiye neza, agahabwa umwana hakoreshejwe agakombe gasukuye neza kandi gapfundikirwa (nibyiza gukoresha agakombe kuko biba byoroshye kugasukura kuruta gukoresha biberon na za tétine usanga bisaba gutekwa (stérilisation) igihe cyose mbere yo gukoreshwa ibyo bitakubahirizwa umwana akibasirwa n’indwara zirimo impiswi zikunze guhitana abana

Amashereka ashobora kubikwa nibura amasaha umunani (8 heures) ahantu hari igipimo cy’ubushyuhe gisanzwe(à température ambiante (19 à 22°) naho yaba ari muri frigo (au refrigérateur :0 à 4°) ashobora kumara iminsi ine (4jours) kugeza ku minsi umunani (8 jours) akimeze neza ntakibazo aragira.

IFUNGURO RY’UMUBYEYI WONSA
Kimwe n’umubyeyi utwite,mugihe cyo konsa umubyeyi agomba gufata indyo yuzuye kandi ihagije(qualité et quantité). Dore rero ibyo agomba kwitaho mugutegura iryo funguro:

• Ibyubaka umubiri (Source de protein):n’ukuvuga inyama,amafi,amagi,ibinyamisogwe(céléales),...
• Imyunungugu (Source de calcium):Amata n’ibiyakomokaho (produit laitiers);
• Ibinure (Source d’acide gras essential):Amavuta anyuranye;
• Ibirinda indwara (Source deVitamine):imbuto,imboga.

Umubyeyi wonsa agomba kunywa amazi kugipimo cya litiro imwe n’igice(1.5L)kugera kuli litiro ebyiri(2L)Ku munsi.

IZINDI NAMA

1. Umubyeyi wonsa agomba kwirinda ibintu bimwe na bimwe kuko byagaragaye ko binyura mu mashereka bikaba byatera umwana ikibazo mugihe yonse,aha twavuga:
   • Itabi n’inzoga.:kubireka burundu
   • Ikawa n’icyayi:sibyiza kunywa byinshi
   • Imiti imwe n’imwe irabujijwe ku mubyeyi wonsa, ningombwa kwirinda gufata imiti uko yishakiye atayandikiwe na muganga.
   Imwe mumiti ikoreshwa mukuringaniza urubyaro ishobora kugabanya amashereka kubera imisemburo ibamo (oestro-progesterone), ningombwa rero kwegera umuganga akaba ariwe ugufasha guhitamo uburyo bwiza wakoresha ntibugire ingaruka kumwana(cyane cyane mumezi atandatu yambere kuko umwana aba agomba kubona amashereka ahagije).
2. Ningombwa gukaraba intoki hakoreshejwe amazi meza n’isabune igihe cyose umubyeyi agiye konsa umwana, akirinda kandi gusiga amavuta ku mabere kugirango umwana ataza kuyonka.Imyenda cyane cyane iy’imbere ikora ku mubiri ndetse n’amasutiye igomba kuba ifite isuku.
3. Konsa ni bumwe muburyo bukoreshwa mukuringaniza urubyaro ariko hari ibigomba kwitabwaho mugihe umubyeyi ashaka gukoresha ubu buryo:
   • Umwana agomba konka ntakindi kintu avangiwe amezi atandatu yambere y’ubuzima (allaitement exclusive),nyuma y’ayo mezi agomba guhitamo ubundiburyo bwo kuringaniza urubyaro yakoresha;
   • Umubyeyi agomba kuba atarabona imihango yambere nyuma yo kubyara(retour des couches),mugihe yaba yayibonye ubu buryo ntibuba bugihagije agomba guhitamo ubundi buryo yakoresha.

IBICURANE BYO MU BWOKO BW'ALLERGIE, ESE BITERWA N'IKI?UKO WABYIRINDA, DORE UKO BIVURWA!

IBICURANE BYO MU BWOKO BW'ALLERGIE ( ALLERGIC RHINITIS )

UBUNDI ALLERGIE NI IKI, ITERWA NI IKI, UYIGIRA UTE?
Ni ukwivumbura k'umubiri ugaragaza ibimenyetso bidasanzwe mu gihe ukozweho cyangwa ugiwemo n'ikintu runaka kivuye hanze yawo (allergène). Hari uburyo butandukanye allergie yigaragarizamo:

• Gusemeka (asthme ),
• Gushesha ibiheri ku mubiri ( dermatite atopique, eczéma atopique, eczéma),
• Ibicurane (rhinite allergique),
• Gutukura amaso (conjonctivite),
• Kwishimagura umubiri wose,

Iyo umubiri w'umuntu ugira allergie ukozweho cyangwa yinjiwemo n'allergène, umubiri ubifashijwemo n'utugiramubiri tw'ifatizo twitwa ‘mastocytes’ uvubura uburozi nk'ubwitwa ‘histamine’ buwuzahaza maze ukagaragaza ibimenyetso twavuze haruguru. Iyo ‘allergène’ yingiriye mu mwuka, izuru, amaso n'ibihaha nibyo bizahara. Iyo ‘allergène’ yinjiriye mu myanya ibiryo binyuramo, umunywa, igifu n'amara nibyo bizahara. Iyo ‘allergène’ ikoze ku ruhu, uruhu nirwo ruhazaharira. Ariko hari igihe hatazahara gusa aho ‘allergène’ yakoze cyangwa yinjiye, ahubwo ugasanga umubiri wose wazahaye ( allergie généralisée), maze ku bimenyetso twavuze harugauru hakiyongeraho kugabanuka kw'umuvuduko w'amaraso yewe no guta ubwenge ukaba wahita unapfa hatagize igikorwa vuba na bwangu. Ibitera allergie (allergènes) ni byinshi. Twavuga nka :

• Intanga z'ibimera (pollens),
• Udusimba duto cyane (acariens),
• Ibiribwa bimwe na bimwe,
• Uburozi bwo mu nganda(produits chimiques),
• Imiti ivura n'ibindi (medicaments).

IBICURANE BYO MU BWOKO BW'ALLERGIE ni iki?
Ni ibicurane biterwa na za ntanga z'ibimera (pollens) cyangwa na twa dukoko duto cyanes bita acariens dukunze kuba mu byo turyamaho (matelas),imisego, intebe z'amivans, matapi n'umukungugu cyangwa n'amoya y'amatungo, cyangwa na za moisussures. Iyi ndwara irimo ubwoko bubiri bw’ingenzi ariko budatandukanye cyane:

• Rhinite allergique saisoniere: iyi ifata umuntu ku buryo budahoraho, ikaza ijyanye n’ihindagurika ry’ibihe (saisons). Ikunze kubyuka mu ntangiriro no mu mpera z’ibihe by’ihinga (cyane cyane umuhindo, itumba n’urugaryi, rimwe na rimwe no mu mpeshyi) bikaba bijyanye n’uko muri ibyo bihe haba hari umurama mwinshi mu mwuka.
• Rhinite allergique chronique: iyi iba yarafashe umuntu ku buryo busa nk’aho buhoraho, n’ubwo hari igihe umurwayi wayo agira agahenge.

IBIMENYETSO:

• Amazuru arafungana kandi ukumva wayashimamo kandi akazana utumwira buri kanya,
• Amaso aratukura akabyimba, akazana amarira cyane,
• Kwitsamura kenshi,
• Mu muhogo naho hashobora kukurya,
• Ushobora no kumva umunaniro, uribwa mu mutwe, no guhumeka nabi

TWAKORA IKI NGO IYO ALLERGIE YO KUDUFATA (PREVENTION)?
Kugeza ubu ikintu cyagaragaje ko kirinda umuntu kugira allergie ni ukwirinda umwotsi w'itabi.
Ibindi bintu bikurikira nabyo bishobora kuba byagabanya kugira allergie ku mwana:

• Gutungwa gusa n'amata ya nyina byibura amezi ane yambee y'ubuzima,
• Gutangira kugaburira umwana byibura nyuma y'amezi atandatu avutse,
• Kudatangiza vuba umwana ibiryo bizwi ko bitera allergie nk' ubunyobwa (ubukaranka), amagi, amafi,… ukabu\imutangiza amaze kugira amezi icyenda kugeza ku mwaka,
• Kudasiga umwana amavuta arimo amavuta y'ubunyobwa mu mezi atandatu ya mbere y'ubuzima,
• Kureka itabi ku mugore utwite birinda umwana azabyara,
• Kurwara kenshi indwara ziterwa n'udukoko two mu bwoko bwa virus mu myaka yambere y'ubuzima,
• Guhura kenshi na za allergènes zikomoka ku matungo yo murugo (amacandwe, imvuvu z'uruhu).

Ku bantu bose, ibi bikurikira bishobora kubarinda kugira allergie:

• Guhumeka umwuka utanduye,
• Kurya imbuto n'imboga nyinshi,
• Kurya ibinure bike byo mu bwoko bwa omega-6 biboneka mu mavuta y'ibigori, y'ibihwagari n'aya soya.

IBYO BICURANE BITERWA N'ALLERGIE BIVURWA BITE?
Umuti wa nyawo ni ukwirinda allergène iyo ugize Imana ukayimenya. Ubu mu Rwanda hari ibizamini bikorwa kugirango umenye allergène ikuzahaza maze ukaba wayirinda. Ibyo bizamini bikaba bisigaye bikorerwa mu bitaro bya kaminuza bya Kigali (CHUK) muri serivisi y'abana ( n'abantu bakuru barakirwa), ukariha ibihumbi makumyabiri by'amafaranga y'amanyarwanda (20000frws). Kugeza ubu nta bwishingizi na bumwe bubyishingira ngo ariya mafaranga abe yagabanuka. Iyo umaze kumenya ikigutera iyo allergie, umuti nyawo ni ukukirinda. Iyo utarakimenya, ukurikiza ingamba rusange nk’izi zikurikira:

• Kwirinda kujya mu muyaga,
• Kwirinda kujya ahari ibiti byinshi cyangwa indabo nyinshi mu gihe zazanye uruyange,
• Kwirinda ibintu byose bitumuka nk'ibisaswa hasi (amatapi, imikeka n'ibirago n’ibindi bishobora kwihishamo udukoko n’umukungugu), bitashoboka kubyirinda umuntu akabisukura kenshi hakoreshejwe imiti yabugenewe (disinfectant) na aspirateurs
• Gusukura kenshi kandi neza ibisaswa (matela, amashuka, n’ibiringiti)
• Gufungura amadirishya kenshi kugirango inzu igemo umwuka uhagije, bikaba byiza habashije kwinjiramo imirasire y’izuba
• Kwirinda ivumbi, imyotsi utibagiwe n’itabi.

IMITI YAKORESHWA:
Mu bihugu byateye imbere, bagira uburyo bwo kumenyereza umubiri cya kindi umubiri utihanganira buhoro buhoro hakoreshejwe igisa nacyo (desensibirisation). Mu gihe ibyo bidashoboka, nko mu bihugu byacu, iyo iyo ndwara yakaze bakoresha imiti yo mu rwego rwa “antihistaminique”, ariyo Levocetirizine ibarizwamo. Iyi miti iba igamije kugabanya amakare umubiri ukoresha mu kurwanya icyo utihanganira, mu yandi magambo kugabanya allergie. Kubera ko iyi miti itavura kiriya kibazo ahubwo ifasha umubiri kucyitwara ho neza hatabayeho allergie ikabije, niyo mpamvu iyi miti ikoreshwa kenshi, buri gihe uko iriya ndwara ije umurwayi akanywa iriya miti, yakira akayihagarika. Uretse bwa buryo bwavuzwe haruguru bwo kumenyereza umubiri (desensibilization), nta wundi muti uzwi uvura iyi ndwara burundu.

Icyitonderwa
Kimwe n’izindi ndwara, si byiza ko uyirwaye yivura, kabone n’ubwo umuti akoresha yaba yarawuhawe n’umuganga cyangwa uwo muti abona umufasha. Ni byiza kugisha inama umuganga mbere yo kuwukoresha, akakugira inama no ku zindi ngamba wafata ngo ukemure icyo kibazo.

KUZUNGERA CYANGWA SE KUGIRA ISERERI. Ese biterwa n'iki? Bivurwa gute?

KUZUNGERA CYANGWA ISERERI

KUZUNGERA cyangwa ISERERI ni iki ?
Ni ikimenyetso gishobora kugaragaza mu burwayi bwinshi butandukanye. Kuzengerezwa bishobora kuba ku buryo bubiri bw'ingenzi:

1. Isereri nyirizina, uyifite aba yumva azenguruka ibimukikije cyangwa se azengurukwa n'ibimukikije. Iyi sereri ikunze kuba iri hamwe n'isesemi, kugira igihunga, kubira ibyunzwe, n'ibindi.
2. Hari kandi no kumva usa n'uri mu kirere, cyangwa usa nk'uri mu modoka, cyangwa se nanone usa nk'uhanuka, ariko hatarimo kuzenguruka.

KUZUNGERA cyangwa ISERERI biterwa n'iki ?
IBINDI BIMENYETSO BIKUNDA KUGARAGARA KUMUNTU UFITE ISERERI
Isereri ikunze kuba iherekejwe n'isesemi, kugira igihunga, kubira ibyunzwe, n'ibindi bimenyetso bijyane n'indwara iba yateye isereri.
ISERERI YAVURWA ITE?
HIFASHISHIJWE:
Ubundi ‘equilibre' y'umubiri w'umuntu (kuba umubiri utandandabirana nk'umuntu wasinze, ukumva uhagaze neza, ureba neza, ntabintu by'iseseme ufite, umuntu akamenya ko ahagaze, yicaye, cyangwa se aryamye, ko aryamye acuramye cyangwa adacuramye) igengwa n'ingingo yawo yitwa “systeme vestibulaire” iba mu mu gutwi kw'imbere mu gihanga. Iyo ngingo, mu mirimo yayo, igengwa n'ubwonko buhujwe nayo n'umutsi bita ‘nef vestibulaire'. Iyo ngingo kandi ikorana n'amaso ku buryo iyo yafashwe ugira n'ibibazo byo kutareba neza. Iyo kimwe muri ibyo cyafashwe (systeme vestibulaire, ubwonko buyigenga, umutsi ubihuza byombi n'amaso), umuntu ahita isereri. Zimwe mu ndwara cyangwa bimwe mu bintu bishobora kwangiza iriya myanya y'umubiri igenga ‘equilibre' maze umuntu akagira isereri: Ibyangiza systeme vestibulaire mu gutwi kw'imbere cyangwa umutsi vestibulaire: Ibyangiza igice cy'ubwonko gikorana na systeme vestibulaire: MU GUSOZA
Inama twagira ufite isereri ni ukwegera umuganga, akamusuzuma, akamufasha kumenya icyayiteye n'uburyo bwo kuyivura.
 

1. Udukoko utwo aritwo twose (virus nkaziriya zidutera ibicurane, bacteries,......) dufata ugutwi kw'imbere (otite chronique ou aigue),
2. Indwara ituma umuvuduko w'amazi atembera mu gutwi kw'imbere bitewe n'uko ibiyakora byayakoze ku bwinshi cyangwa imiyoboro iyayobora yazibye kubera impamvu zitandukanye: indrara bita iya Ménière,
3. Ibyangiza byose umutsi vestibulaire (nk'udukoko two mu bwoko bwa virus nkaziriya zidutera ibicurane, kanseri bita neurinome mu gifaransa),
4. Ibyangiza byose imitsi ijyana amaraso mu gutwi,
5. Ibikomeretsa byose ugutwi nko kugwa maze igufa rikikije ugutwi kw'imbere (ryitwa rocher mu gifaransa) rikavunika,
6. Imiti ikoreshejwe nabi cyangwa uburozi (imiti yica udukoko yo mu bwoko bw'antibiotique nka gentamycine)

1. Kuzunguza umutwe,
2. Kugenda mu modoka mu ngendo( mal des transports mu magambo y'igifaransa)
3. Abantu bakunda kugira umuvuduko w'amaraso muke iyo bahagurutse bari bicaye cyangwa bari baryamye cyangwa bakicara cyangwa bakaryama kandi bari bahagaze (hypotension orthostatique mu gifaransa)
4. Bishobora kandi guterwa n'izindi mpamvu harimo gusonza, kunanirwa, guhangayika no kudasinzira bihagije, kugira ubwoba karemano bw'ahantu hahanamye cyane, cyangwa bw'ahantu hari abantu benshi cyane, n'ibindi.

1. Kwiryamira mu cyumba kitarimo urusaku kandi nta rumuri,
2. Kubagira isereri yo kugenda mu modoka, kureba ahantu hamwe imbere yawe bishobora gufasha,
3. Kinesitherapie na sport zimwe na zimwe nabyo harabo zifasha,
4. Imiti irwanya isereri (antivertigineux): acétyl-leucine, bêta-histine, flunarizine, méclozine cyangwa trimétazidine.

1. Vertige - Causes, Symptômes, Diagnostic,Traitement; Sante-Canoe, http://sante.canoe.com/condition_info_details.asp?disease_id=133
2. Wikipedia, l'encycloedie libre, http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertige
3. Sajjadi H, Paparella MM, Meniere's disease , Lancet; 2008;372:406-414
4. Dalgas U et al. Resistance training improves muscle strength and functional capacity in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2009; 73:1478-1484.        
   Umusozo

• Ibituma amaraso agera ku bwonko ari make (urugero nk'indwara bita ya Wallenberg),
• Ibibyimba bifata ubwonko, byaba ibishyute cyangwa na za kanseri zo mu bwonko,
• Indwara ifata ubwonko bita Sclérose en plaques irangwa no gushishuka kw'imitsi yo mu bwonko guterwa n'abasirikari b'umubiri bataye umurongo bakorwa kubera kuterwa na za virus nk'y'iseru (rougeole) cyangwa iyo bita virus Epstein-Barr

• Akenshi isereri nyinshi zirikiza ariko bigafata igihe kinini cyane,
• Bitewe nuko icyateye isereri cyamenyekanye, umuti ushobora kuba imiti yo mu bwoko bw'antibiotique (imiti yica mikorobi) cyangwa kubagwa,

UMUGORE YONSA ATWITE NI IZIHE NGARUKA BIGIRA K'UWO ATWITE? ESE WE BIMUGIRAHO IZIHE NGARUKA? ESE HARI INGARUKA BIGIRA K'UWO YONSA?

ESE UMUGORE YONKEJE ATWITE BYAGIRA INGARUKA KURI WE, K'UWO ATWITE CYANGWA UWO YONSA?

Abantu benshi bibaza iki kibazo kuko bijya bibaho ko umugore asama kandi yonsaga, bigatuma hibazwa niba agomba gukomeza konsa cyangwa se kubihagarika, bitewe no gutinya ko byamugiraho ingaruka we ubwe, uwo yonsa cyangwa se uwo atwite. Abantu babivugaho byinshi bitandukanye, ariko reka turebe icyo abahanga babivugaho.

INGARUKA ZO KONSA KU MUGORE UTWITE KU BUZIMA BWE BWITE
Hari ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko umugore iyo yonsa atwite ashobora kugira ibibazo byerekeranye n'intungamubiri (problemes nutritionnel) bigaragarira cyane cyane mu kunanuka cyangwa se gutakaza ibiro (Merchant, 1990). Icyakora, abo bashakashatsi bagaragaje ko ibyo bibaho ku bagore bari basanzwe n'ubundi bafite ibibazo byo kubona ibibatunga, bityo abatabifite bakaba batagira izi impungenge. Ikindi kivugwa ku ngaruka zishobora kuba kuri uyu mubyeyi ni ukubyara igihe kitageze. Ibi ababivuga bashingira ko iyo umugore yonsa hari umusemburo uboneka mu mubiri we bita ocytocyne ari nawe utuma agira ibise mu gihe cyo kubyara, bityo mu gihe yonsa wa musemburo ukaba waba mwinshi maze ugatuma abyara atarageza igihe. Ibi ariko abandi bashakashatsi barabihinyuye bagaragaza ko nyababyeyi itagira icyo ikorwaho n'uriya musemburo mbere y'amezi arindwi (ibyumweru 28) yo gutwita n'ubwo bigikenewe gukorerwa izindi nyigo. Ubundi bushakashatsi bwakorewe California muri Amerika ku bagore 57 bonsaga batwite bwagaragaje ko nta ngaruka byigeze bigira kuri bo cyangwa ku mitwitire yabo.

INGARUKA KU BUZIMA BW`UMWANA IYO YONKA MAMA WE UWITE
Ubushakakashatsi bwerekanye ko hari impinduka ziba ku mashereka cyane cyane mu buryohe bwayo no kuba aba make, ibi bikunze kuba iyo inda igejeje amezi atandatu, aho amashereka ahinduka akamera nk'umuhondo (ya mashereka aza umugore akimara kubyara bita collostrum) , bigatuma abana bamwe banga kuyonka, bakicutsa. Inyigo (Newton, 1979) yakozwe ku bagore 503 bonsaga batwite yerekanye ko 69% y'abana babo bicukije. Indi nyigo (Moscone, 1993) yo ivuga ko 57% bicukije. Icyakora izo nyigo zombi zivuga ko ntawahamya ko ibyo byatewe n'uko ba nyina bari batwite (hashobora kuba hari izindi mpamvu).

Ibi ariko bitandukanye n'ibivugwa ko ayo mashereka ahinduka uburozi, kuko nta bushakashatsi bwerekanye ko yica abana. Ubushakashatsi bwa Moscone bwerekanye ko ahubwo abacutswa aribo barwara impiswi kurusha abakomeza konka. Cyakora yagaragaje ko abo bana badatandukanye ku buryo bugaragara mu mirwarire yabo.

IYO UMUGORE YONSA ATWITE NI IZIHE NGARUKA K`UWO ATWITE?
Abashakashatsi bamwe bagaragaje ko abana bonkerejweho bavuka nk'abandi, bakavuka nta bibazo byihariye bafite ugereranyije n'abandi bana batonkerejweho. Icyakora hari abandi bashakashatsi bagaragaje ko abana bonkerejweho bashobora kutiyongera mu biro mu minsi 30 ya mbere nk'abandi bana.

UMWANZURO

Iyo umugore asamye yonsa, hashobora kuba imihindukire ku mashereka ye ijyanye cyane cyane no guhindura uburyohe no kugabanuka mu bwinshi bwayo, bikaba byatuma umwana yivana kw`ibere. Nyamara ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko aya mashereka atari mabi ku mwana, cyane cyane ko ingaruka zo gucutswa imburagihe arizo nyinshi kandi mbi. Naho kuri nyina, nta ngaruka bimugiraho iyo yubahirije amabwiriza ajyanye n'imirire inoze. N'ubwo umwana uvutse yaronkerejweho ashobora kutiyongera ibiro mu minsi ya mbere akimara kuvuka, nta zindi ngaruka zagaragaye uyu mwana yagira.

Iyo rero bibayeho ko umugore asama kandi yonsaga, sibyiza guhita yihutira gucutsa uwo yonsaga, ahubwo twamugira inama yo kwegera abaganga, bakamufasha kureba igikwiye hakurikijwe uko ubuzima bwe bumeze. Haramutse hanafashwe icyemezo cyo gucutsa, bakamugira inama y'uko yabikora mu buryo butagira ingaruka ku mwana ucukijwe. Twibutse ko umwana ucutse imburagihe cyangwa ku buryo butanoze ashobora kurwara indwara nyinshi zimuzahaza ndetse zikaba zanamuhitana.

KANSERI Y'INKONDO Y'UMURA, Ese wabwirwa n'iki ko uyirwaye? Ese iterwa n'iki? Nakora iki ngo simfatwe na kanseri y'inkondo y'umura?

KANSERI Y'INKONDO Y'UMURA

Iyi kanseri iri ku mwanya wa kabiri mu ma kanseri y'abagore, umwanya wa mbere ukabaho kanseri y'ibere. Iyi kanseri ifata kenshi abagore bakiri bato. Iyi kanseri niyo ifite umwanya wambere mu makanseri mu kwica abagore mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere nk'u Rwanda.

 

Kubagore batarafatwa niyo kanseri, kwisuzumisha kenshi bishoboka bituma ibimenyetso biyibanziriza bimenyekana kare maze hakagira igikorwa hakiri kare kuburyo umugore ashobora gukira burundu. Ibyo kandi bituma impfu ziterwa niyo kanseri zigabanukaho mirongo itanu kw'ijana (50/100).

IBIMENYETSO BYA KANSERI Y'INKONDO Y'UMURA

• Ikimenyetso gikunze kwigaragaza ni ukuva amaraso aturutse mu gitsina kandi umugore atari mu mihango, cyane cyane biba nyuma y'imibonano mpuzabitsina ;
• Ibindi bimenyetso bishoboka ni umurenda wo mugitsina uba mwinshi kurusha uko bisanzwe, ukanuka, uvanze n'uturaso, no kuribwa mu kiziba cy'inda.

N.B. igihe hagaragaye kimwe muri ibi bimenyetso, ni ngombwa kwihutira kujya kwa muganga.

IBITERA KANSERI Y'INKONDO Y'UMURA
Igitera kanseri y'inkondo y'umura ntikiramenyekana, ahubwo hari ibizwi iyo kanseri yuririraho ifata umugore.
• Hafi abagore bose bafite kanseri y'inkondo y'umura baba baranduye agakoko kitwa HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS. Ibindi bintu iyo kanseri yuririraho ifata abagore n'abakobwa ni ibi bikurikira :

• abagore n'abakobwa bakiri mu gihe cyo gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina,
• gukorana imibonano mpuzabitsina n'abagabo benshi,
• gukorana imibonano mpuzabitsina n'umugabo udasiramuye,
• gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina ukiri muto,
• gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina kenshi,
• kubyara kenshi,
• imibonano mpuzabitsina ku mugore wacuze (utakijya mu mihango kubera imyaka),
• gukoresha imiti bita oestro-progestatifs ikoreshwa mu kuringaniza imbyaro (planning familial) bituma kurwara iyo kanseri byiyongeraho 1 %,
• gufatwa kw'inkondo y'umura na virus yitwa herpes
• kunywa itabi,
• Uburwayi bwa SIDA.

WABIGENZA UTE NGO WO GUFATWA N'IYO KANSERI ?
Ubundi hari indwara umugore agira ( lésions précancéreuses) zizavamo kanseri yica iyo hatagize igikorwa. Izo ndwara ziravurwa zigakira, bityo umugore ntarware kanseri y'igikatu y'inkondo y'umura. Izo ndwara zivamo kanseri y'inkondo y'umura zimenywa na muganga iyo agusuzumye akanafata kandi akanasuzumisha muri laboratwari uduhungukira tw'inkondo y'umura (frottis cervico-vaginal). Bityo rero, kugirango abagore n'abakobwa batazarwara kanseri y'inkondo y'umura, bagombye gukurikiza ibi bikurikira :

• Kwirinda ibyo kanseri yuririraho twavuze haruguru,
• Kwipimisha buri myaka ibiri kuva ugize imyaka 21 y'amavuko (cyangwa kuva umukobwa akikora imibonano mpuzabitsina ye yambere) kw'ivuriro aho abaganga bashobora gufata no gusuzuma utuvungukira tw'inkondo y'umura,
• abashobora kubona urukingo rw'agakoko ka HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS, barufata,
• hari imiti yerekanye ko ikaze muri laboratwari mu kurwanya HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS ikoreshwa mu barwaye ako gakoko : carraghénane (extrait d'algues rouges).

Dore icyo ababyeyi bakora kugirango ntibanduze umwana wabo agakoko ka sida igihe banduye.

BANTU MWARUSHINZE MUFITE UBWANDU BWA SIDA, MWARI MUZI KO MUSHOBORA KUBYARA UMWANA UTANDUYE MURAMUTSE MUKURIKIJE INAMA ZA KIGANGA?

Babyeyi rero mubana n’ubwandu bwa sida, mwagombye kumenya ko agakoko ka sida kari mu mubiri wanyu gashobora no kwanduza umwana muzabyara. Umwana ashobora kwandurira munda ya nyina, ariko akenshi yandura mu gihe abyarwa anyura mu myanya ndangagitsina ya nyina aho ahura n’amaraso n’uruzi rwo mu gitsina bya nyina biba birimo udukoko twa sida (mu gihe uruhinja narwo rwaba rwagize udusebe niyo twaba duto cyane ku mubiri mu gihe cyo kuvuka) no mukonka kuko n’amashereka ya nyina aba arimi udukoko twa sida. Hakorwa iki ngo umwana uvuka ku mubyeyi we ubana n’agakoko ka sida abe ashobora kuvuka atanduye?

Kubyara umubyeyi abazwe (Césarienne mu gifaransa) bituma uruhinja rudahura cyane n’amaraso n’uruzi rwo mu gitsina bya nyina, bityo kwandura bikagabanuka;
• Kuhagira uruhinja rukimara kuvuka ako kanya ukoresheje amazi abongamira kubaho no kwibaruka by’agakoko ka sida: ibyo bituma amarasaso n’uruzi rwo mu gitsina bya nyina biba byagiye ku mubiri w’uruhinja byuhagirwa bikanavanwaho, bityo n’udukoko twa sida twaba turi kumubiri w’uruhinja tukavanwaho;
• Kubabishoboye, Kutonsa umwana ahubwo agatungwa n’amata yo munganda y’ifu : ibyo kubera ko agakoko ka sida kaba kari no mu mashereka kuburyo umwana ashobora kwanduzwa n’amashereka aramutse ayanyweye;
• Kubadashoboye kuba bagura ayo mata yo mu nganda y’ifu kubera ko ahenda, kandi amata y’amatungo nk’inka akaba atajyanye n’igifu cy’uruhinja kugera ku mezi atandadu, konsa uruhinja nk’ibisanzwe ariko ukirinda kumuheraho ikindi kintu kitari amashereka (nk’amata y’inka, ay’ifu, igikoma,…) kugeza ku mezi umwana ashobora kunywa no kurya ibindi bintu (amezi atandatu), icyo gihe ugahagarika konsa maze ukamuha ibindi bintu bitari amashereka. Bikorwa gutyo kubera ko iyo uvanze ikindi kintu n’amashereka, icyo kintu kindi (amata, igikoma n’ibindi) bigizwe n’intungamubiri nini (ugereranije n’izigize amashereka), kuburyo iyo igifu n’amara zibinyunyuje , aho zinyuze zihagira hagari(zirahapanura) maze agakoko ka sida kaba kari mu mashereka kakaba kabonye aho kunyura kuburyo bworoshye.
• Kugirango ibi byose tuvuze haruguru bigire ingufu mu kutanduza impinja, hari imiti irwanya ubukana bw’agakoko ka sida baha umubyeyi mbere na nyuma yo kubyara n’iyo baha uruhinja akivuka( NEVIRAPINE) n’undi bamuha (zidovudine) buri munsi kuva ku munsi wa kabiri avutse kugeza agize ukwezi kumwe avutse.

ICYITONDERWA: KUBERA KO BYAGARAGAYE KO

• ABANA BATONKA BATUNZWE N`AMATA Y`IFU YO MU NGANDA CYANGWA N`AMATA Y`INKA, BAHURA N`IBIBAZO BIKOMEYE BY`UBUZIMA (IMPISWI N`INDUTSI ZA BURI GIHE BIGATUMA BAGWINGIRA NTIBAKURE MAZE INDWARA ZOSE ZIKABIGIZAHO NKANA BITYO BAGAPFA BIKOMEYE,…),
• GUKORESHA IMITI YO KURINDA UMWANA NK`UKO BYAVUZWE HARUGURU (GUKORESHA UMUTI UMWE KANDI) BITUMA UDUKOKO TWA SIDA TWIBURUNGUSHURA TUGAHINDUKA UDUKOKO TUTUMVA IMITI ISANZWE ITUVURA (RESISTANCE MU GIFARANSA) KUVA UNO MWAKA MU RWANDA KIMWE NO MUBINDI BIHUGU BIKENNYE,

HEJWE KUJYA HAKORESHWA UBURYO BUKURIKIRA:

 

• KONSA UMWANA KUGEZA IGIHE ACUKIYE NK`IBISANZWE (HEJURU Y`AMEZI CUMI N`UMUNANI),
• UMWANA AGAFATA UMUTI BITA NEVIRAPINE KUVA AKIVUKA KUGEZA AGIZE IBYUMWERU BITANDATU AVUTSE (cyangwa kugeza acutse iyo umwe mubabyeyi ariwe wanduye gusa undi atarandura: couple discordant.
• NYINA AGAFATA IMITI IGABANYA UBUKANA BW`AGAKOKO KA SIDA KU BURYO BUKURIKIRA:Ibyo byose iyo byubahirijwe, hafi abana bose bavuka ku babyeyi babana n’agakoko ka sida bavuka, bakanakura nta bwandu bwa sida bafite kandi ntibahure n`ingaruka zo kutonka. Ibyo byose rero bisaba ngo wegere abaganga ngo bagusobanurire banakwinjize muri iyo gahunda.
  Bibliographie:
  Guidelines for the provision of comprehensive care to persons infected by HIV in Rwanda: version 2010 Tropical Medicine & International Health Volume 15, Issue 9, pages 992–999, September 2010
  
  Umusozo
  1. IYO UMUBYEYI AFITE ABASIRIKARI B`UMUBIRI BO MU BWOKO BWA CD4 BARI HEJURU YA 500 MURI BURI MICOROLITIRO (MICROLITTRE MU GIFARANSA) Y`AMARASO AFITE IMITI ITATU IGABANYA UBUKANA BW`AGAKOKO KA SIDA (TENOFOVIR+LAMUVIDINE+EFAVIRENZ) KUVA INDA IGIZE IBYUMWERU CUMI NA BINE (14 SEMAINES D`AMENORRHEES MU GIFARANSA) KUGEZA ICYUMWERU KIMWE UMWANA ACUTSE HANYUMA AGAFATA IMITI IBIRI (TENOFOVIR+LAMUVIDINE) MU GIHE CY`ICYUMWERU KIMWE AMAZE GUCUKA.
  2. KU MUBYEYI UFITE ABASIRIKARI B`UMUBIRI BO MUBWOKO BWA CD4 BARI HAGATI YA 300 NA 500 MURI BURI MICOROLITIRO (MICROLITTRE MU GIFARANSA) Y`AMARASO, AFATA IMITI ITATU NK`UMUBYEYI WAMBERE UVUGWA MU GIKA 1), ARIKO AKAYIFATA UBUZIMA BWE BWOSE.
  3. IYO UMUBYEYI ABANA N`AGAKOKO KA SIDA ARIKO AGEZE IGIHE (KIMENYWA N`ABAGANGA) CYO GUFATA IMITI IGABANYA UBUKANA BW`AGAKOKO KA SIDA, UWO MUBYEYI AFATA BYIHUTIRWA IMITI ITATU (TENOFOVIR+LAMUVIDINE+NEVIRAPINE) AKAYIFATA UBUZIMA BWE BWOSE.

Kanseri ya prostate ku bagabo. ese iteye ite? Yakwirindwa ite? Abaganga bayivura gute?

BAGABO, MWARI MUZI KO MUFITE INYAMA ABAGORE BATAGIRA YITWA “PROSTATE” ISHOBORA KUBA INDIRI YA KANSERI KURI BAMWE MURI MWE? MWAKORA IKI NGO BITAGENDA NABI?

Ubusanzwe iyo nyama, ifitwe n’abagabo gusa, ni imwe muzivubura amazi intanga ngabo ziba zirimo(amasohoro), ikaba iba hafi y’umuyoboro wo mu gitsina cy’umugabo(unyurwamo n’inkari n’amasohoro) ari naho ivubura ayo mazi. Abaganga bakaba bazi kuyisuzumira mu kibuno aho wumva ibyimbiye ubusanzwe . Ubusanzwe iyo nyama iraringaniye. Iyo muganga agusuzumye agasanga iyo “prostate” yarabyimbyeho bidasanzwe itanaringaniye, icyo gihe iba yinjiwe n’ikibyimba gishobora kuba cyaba na kanseri.

Icyo kibyimba gitangira kitari kanseri, gishobora kuba cyabagwa umuntu agakira nta zindi nkurikizi. Ariko uko igihe kigenda, utanisuzumisha, niko icyo kibyimba kigenda kiba kanseri. Kanseri ihindura iyo nyama mbi cyane igenda yinjira umubiri hirya no hino, aho igeze iharwaza, ugasanga umuntu yarembye byo gupfa, akabaho nabi paka apfuye. Ugasanga kunyara no kwituma ni ibibazo (inkari n’umusarane ntibihite kuko icyo kibyimba kiba cyapyinagaje, kinjiye, kikanabongamira imikorere y’imiyoboro y’inkari n’umusarane).

Iyo byageze mu rwego rwa kanseri, kuvura biraruhanya cyangwa ntibinashoboke. Kutazahazwa n’iyo ndwara bishingiye kukuvumbura hakiri kare ububyimba bwa “prostate” butaraba kanseri.

Iyo muganga asanze bitaraba kanseri, cyangwa ari kanseri itaracengera umubiri, kubagwa ugakira burundu birashoboka. Igisabwa rero ni uguhora wisuzumisha kenshi gashoboka, muganga akora mu kibuno uko uje kwimwisuzumishaho, maze yasanga “prostate” yabyimbyeho bidasanzwe yanatakaje uburinganire bwayo, akagukorera ibiamini bimwe na bimwe( nko gucisha “prostate” mu cyuma, …) maze akamenya niba ari kanseri cyangwa ikibyimba gisanzwe.

Ikibazo ni abagabo benshi mu Rwanda batinda kujya kwisuzumisha mu kibuno bamwe  bakazisuzumisha ari uko ibibazo byabaye ingutu, nta garuriro.

Hagombye gukorwa iki rero? Umugabo wese utangiye gukura mu myaka (guhera ku myaka 30-35) yagombye kujya ajya kureba muganga kenshi (buri mwaka) kugirango amusuzumeino kanseri. Ubu nibwo buryo bwonyine bwafasha abagabo kuri icyi kibazo cya “prostate”.

URUHINJA RUVUKA RUNANIWE, ni ryari bavuga ko umwana yavutse ananiwe? Dore Ingaruka bigira ku mwana, Soma uko mwabyitwaramo igihe mufite umwana wavutse unaniwe. Soma uko wakwirinda kuzabyara umwana unaniwe.

ESE URUHINJA RUVUKA RUNANIWE RUZAHURA N'IBIHE BIBAZO? ABABYEYI BABYIFATAMO BATE?

1. URUHINJA RUVUKA RUNANIWE BISOBANUYE IKI? Iyo abanyarwanda bavuze ngo umwana yavutse ananiwe, biba bishatse kuvuga ko umubiri w'umwana (cyane cyane ubwonko) uba utagerwaho cyangwa ugerwaho n'umwuka muke witwa ogisigeni (oxygene:O2) kandi ufite ubushobozi bucye bwo kwivanaho umwuka mubi witwa diyokiside ya karibone ( dioxyde de carbone:CO2). Ibi bituma umubiri ugira aside (acides) nyinshi, bikaba byanatuma umwana apfa.
   
2. KUBERA IKI URUHINJA RUVUKA RUNANIWE KANDI RUBA RUMEZE NEZA MBERE Y'UKO MAMA WARWO AGIRA IBISE? Hari ibice by'umubiri nk'ubwonko bizahara cyane iyo okisijeni (oxygène) ibaye nke cyangwa ikabura. Akenshi ubwonko buzahazwa n’indwara karemano (maladies génétiques, métaboliques ou malformatives). Kandi bizwi ko ubwonko aribwo bugenga ubwenge n'imikorere y'umubiri :ubwonko nibwo butuma uruhinja rwonka, ruhumeka, rumenya guseka, kwicara, gukambakamba, kugenda, kuvuga no kureba, ni nabwo bugenga imibyibuhire n'imikorere myiza y' inyama z'umubiri.
   Burya iyo umuntu ahumeka, ikiba kigamijwe ni uko umwuka uva mu bihaha ukajyanwa n'amaraso mu bice bitandukanye by'umubiri aho uwo mwuka witwa okisigeni (oxygene:O2) ukoreshwa mugukora ingufu umubiri ukenera mu mirimo yawo itandukanye. Ku ruhinja rukiri munda ya nyina, uwo mwuka ruwukura mu maraso ya nyina ukarugeraho uciye mu rureli. Kubera impamvu zitandukanye, mugihe umubyeyi ari kunda, uwo mwuka ntugera kuruhinja cyangwa ukarugeraho ari muke.
   Ingero ni nkizi zikurukira:
   Umubiri w’uruhinja (cyane cyane ubwonko) ushobora kuzahazwa n’imiti nyina aba yafashe (nk’imiti ikunze gukoreshwa mu kurwanya kuribwa: pethidine, morphine,…) cyangwa imiti ikoreshwa mu gusinziriza umubyeyi iyo yabyaye abazwe (anesthésiques).
   • urureli rwizingazingira ku ijosi ry'uruhinja,
   • urureli rujya imbere y'umutwe w'uruhinja uri kumanuka umwana avuka maze umutwe ugabyinagaza urwo rureli,
   • ingobyi y’umwana ( aho urureli rufatira kumura w'umubyeyi) ikagira ikibazo nko kwomoka maze amaraso akavira mugitsina, bityo umwuka ugera ku mwana ukaba muke.
3. IBINTU UMUNTU YAGENDERAHO AVUGA KO URUHINJA RURI BUVUKE RUNANIWE mbere yo kuvuka:
   Nyuma y’ivuka:
   • imiti umubyeyi aba yafashe atwite cyangwa abyara kubera ibibazo bitandukanye kandi izwi mu kuzahaza uruhinja: péthidine, morphine, imiti ikoreshwa mu gusinziriza umubyeyi nk’iyo abyaye abazwe (anésthésiques);
   • urureli rwizingazingira ku ijosi ry’uruhinja cyangwa rupyinagazwa n’umutwe w’uruhinja igihe ruba rurimo kuvuka;
   • ingobyi y’umwana yomoka ku mura kandi uruhinja rukiri munda ya nyina, maze umubyeyi akavirirana, uruhinja rukabona umwuka muke;
   • uruhinja rudakura neza mu nda ya nyina;
   • uruhinja rukina gake cyangwa rudakina munda ya nyina;
   • umutima w’uruhinja utera gake igihe uruhinja rukiri munda ya nyina;
   • amazi y’isuha asa n’icyatsi kandi avuze ;
   • uruhinja ruvuka igihe kitaragera (prematurity)
   • ikigereranyo cy’APGAR (score d’APGAR) cyiri hasi cyane ku munota wa gatanu cyangwa wa cumi nyuma yo kuvuka (munsi y’amanota 7/10); Icyitonderwa : ikigereranyo cy’APGAR giha amanota (kuva kuri zero kugeza ku icumi)uruhinja gikurikije uko uruhinja ruhumeka, uko umutima warwo utera,ingufu rufite, uko rwinyagambura n’uko rusa (bijyanye n’uko umwuka wa okisijeni ungana mu mubiri);
   • uruhinja rugenda runanirwa guhumeka rukamara amasegonda arenze makumyabiri rudahumeka(apnées);
   • aside (acides) nyinshi mu mubiri (pH<7 .2="" font="">
   • uruhinja ruba rwacitse integer (hypotonie), rugagara (convulsions) cyangwa rwataye ubwenge (coma) ;
   • uruhinja rufite umwijima n’impyiko byangiritseho maze ntibibe bigikora neza ;
4. KUNANIRWA BY’URUHINJA BISHYIRWA MU BYICIRO BITATU Abaganga bashyira ubwangirike bw’ubwonko mu byiciro bitatubahereye ku cyiza kugera ku kibi :
   
   • icyiciro cya mbere : ubwonko buba bwangiritse ku kigereranyo gito : usibye ko uruhinja rwikanga birenze urugero n’imbaraga zo konka zikagabanukaho gato, ubundi ruba ruhumeka neza, kandi rurakira burundu rukazakura neza nta kibazo na kimwe, rumeze nk’izindi mpinja zavutse zidafite ikibazo,
   • icyiciro cya kabiri :ubwonko bwangirikaho ku kigereranyo giciriritse : Uruhinja ruba rufite intege nkeya, imbaraga zo konka zikaba nke cyane(kuburyo biba ngombwa kurugaburira wifashishije agapira gashyirwa mu gifu kanyuze mu mazuru cyangwa mu kanwa no mu muhogo :sonde asogatrique). Urwo ruhinja kandi rugagara kenshi (convulsions), ariko ruba ruhumeka neza . Muri iki kiciri, abana bamwe bakura ari bazima ntibazagire ikibazo na kimwe, ariko abandi bakura bagira ibibazo bitandukanye nk’igicuri n’ibindi bibazo twasobanuye haruguru .
   • Icyiciro cya gatatu : ubwonko buba bwangiritse cyane : Uruhinja ruba nta ngufu na nkeya rufite, rugagara buri kanya, ntirubasha konka habe no kumira, ruhumeka nabi cyangwa ntirubashe guhumeka na gato. Iyo rubashije kubaho, byanze bikunze rukurana ibibazo bikomeye mu buzima bwarwo (twasobanuye haruguru), rukazaba «ikimara » (débilté mentale).
5. INGARUKA ZISHOBORA KUBA KURUHINJA RWAVUTSE RUNANIWE. Iyo umwana yagize ubwonko bwangiritseho cyane, ntagira ubwenge nk'abandi bana bavutse neza. Uwo mwana ntamenya cyangwa amenya nabi cyangwa agira ubukererwe mu kumenya kwonka, kumira, guseka , kwicara, gukambakamba, kugenda, kureba, kumva, gutekereza. Muri urwo rwego kandi, inyama z'amaboko n'amaguru ntizikura neza mugihe amagufa yo akura neza, bityo inyama zigakwega amagufa maze amaboko, ibiganza, amaguru n'ibirenge bikaremara, kugenda no gukoresha amaboko bikagorana. Bitewe n'igice cy'ubwonko cyafashwe, uko kuremara biba ku kaboko kamwe cyangwa akaguru kamwe cyanwa amaboko yombi gusa cyangwa amaguru yombi gusa cyangwa akaboko n'akaguru by'uruhande rumwe cyangwa amaboko n'amaguru byose hamwe. No mu maso hashobora kuremara (paralysie faciale), n'ibindi…(cerebral palsy in english ou infirmité motrice cérébrale en français). Kutonka no kutamira neza bituma umwana agira imirire mibi harimo na bwaki, bikaba byamuviramo no gupfa. Kutamira neza bituma umwana akunda gukorwa maze ibyo yamiraga bikaboneza mu myanya y’ubuhumekero, agahumeka nabi, agakunda kurwara umusonga bikaba byamuviramo gupfa. MURI MAKE, ibibazo uruhinja rwavutse runaniwe rushobora guhura nabyo cyane cyane iyo rwazahaye ku kigereranyo cya kabiri cyangwa cya gatatu ni :
   
   • urupfu akivuka ;
   • kuba ikimara ntagire icyo yimarira mu buzima ;
   • kugira paralizi (paralysie) y’ibice bitandukanye by’umubiri,
   • kurwara igicuri ;
   • gutinda kumenya cyangwa kutabasha kwonka no kumira ;
   • gukorwa kenshi no kurwara kenshi umusonga ;
   • guhumeka nabi ;
   • gusinzira nabi ;
   • kutumva neza ;
   • kutabona, kureba imirari ;
   • gutinda kuvuga cyangwa kutavuga ;
   • guhetama urutirigongo ;
   • kugira ingingo zidakomeye ;
   • kugira amazi menshi mu mutwe (hydrocéphalie) ;
   • kuza (reflux gastro-oesophagien);
   • kwicwa n’inzara kandi ibyo kurya bitabuze (kubera kutonka no kutamira neza) maze ntibabyibuhe bakanarwara bwaki ;
   • kutamenya kunyara neza maze inkari ntishire neza mu ruhago, bityo umwana agakunda kugira za mikorobi mu nkari no mu mbyiko ;
   • gukunda gushishuka umubiri ;
   • gukunda kurwara amenyo ;
   • kugira ubwenge buke, bigatuma yiga nabi;
   • n’ibindi..
6. BABYEYI, MWABYIFATAMO MUTE IGIHE UMWANA WANYU YAVUTSE ANANIWE ? Iyo uruhinja rwavutse runaniwe ku kigereranyo cya mbere(kunanirwa gake), nta bwoba kuko urwo ruhinja ruzamera neza nk’izindi mpinja zavutse nta kibazo;
   Iyo uruhinja rwavutse runaniwe ku kigereranyo cya kabiri (kunanirwa kuringaniye),
   
   • gusuzumisha umwana buri kwezi kugirango muganga azavumbure hakiri kare ibibazo maze anabishakire ibisubizo hakiri kare,
   • kunywa umuti w’igicuri kugeza umwana amaze byibura amezi atatu atagagara; ?iyo uruhinja rwavutse runaniwe ku kigereranyo cya gatatu (kunanirwa cyane), ruhura byanze bikunze n’ibibazo byose twavuze haruguru. Ni ugukora kuburyo umwana azahara gake gashoboka:
   • niba adashobora konka, reba abaganga bagufashe kumugaburira bakoresheje agapira kagera mu gifu kanyuze mu kanywa cyangwa mu mazuru no mu muhogo (sonde naso-gastrique),
   • niba akunda gukorwa no gukorora kenshi no guhumeka nabi, reba muganga arebe niba umwana agomba kujya ku mwuka no gufata imiti y’umusonga (pneumonie);
   • niba umwana afite umubiri uhinamiranye,atabona neza, atumva neza, ni ukwifashisha abagorozi (kinesithérapie, orthophonie,…);
   • niba umwana afite ibibazo by’ubwenge buke mu ishuri, kumushyira mu mashuri yihariye mu bihugu biyafite
7. UMUBYEYI UTWITE YAKORA IKI NGO URUHINJA RWE RUTAZAVUKA RUNANIWE ?
   • mu gihe atwite, umubyeyi agomba kwisuzumisha kenshi kumuganga ubyaza (gynéco-obstétricien)uzamucisha mu cyuma (échographie) byibura buri gihembwe. Ibyo bituma umubyeyi ashobora kugirwa inama yo kuba yavanamo inda nk’iyo umuganga asanze uruhinja rufite ubwonko buremye nabi kandi inda itaragira amezi agira uruhinja umuntu wuzuye (inda ifite ibyumweru 22 ) ;
   • kwivuza neza indwara ziterwa n’udukoko (infections) ;
   • kugerageza kwirinda ibintu byose byatuma umubyeyi abyara igihe kitaragera (prématurité) nk’imirimo iruhanije cyane cyangwa isaba ingufu nyinshi ;
   • kugerageza kwirinda ibintu byose byatuma uruhinja ruvukana ibiro bike (hypotrophie) nk’imirire mibi y’umubyeyi ;
   • kwihutira kwa muganga igihe cyose umubyeyi utwite yumva uruhinja rudakina neza (gukina byagabanutse) cyangwa rutakiri gukina ;
   • mu gihe cy’ibise umubyeyi ari kwa muganga, iyo yumvise uruhinja rutagikina neza, kubibwira vuba na bwangu muganga kugira ngo nibiba na ngombwa umubyeyi abyare bamubaze.